Catalytic Processes for the Production of Automotive Gasoline

This book serves as the most comprehensive and advanced resource available on catalytic processes to produce automotive gasoline. It discusses enhancers and emerging technologies such as the obtention of gasoline from biomass, gasoline from carbon dioxide, and synthetic gasoline: MTG and Fischer–Tropsch. It concludes with a general outlook on the future of gasoline production and discussion of electric vehicles. A valuable reference for researchers and advanced students, this text also provides a strong basis for professional engineers, scientists, and entrepreneurs in the oil, gas, and energy industry. In general, this book: Explains all aspects of gasoline production, including principles and recent developments. Discusses the use of GHGs such as CO2 to produce gasoline/fuels. Discusses on the different additives to enhance the gasoline performance and stability. Covers oil- and non-oil-based catalytic processes. Contrasts the new electromobility technologies and contemplates the future of gasoline use trends. Cover Half Title Catalytic Processes for the Production of Automotive Gasoline Copyright Contents Author Contributors Preface 1. Current Outlook and Future Perspective on the Production of Automotive Gasoline 1.1 The Current Outlook of Automotive Gasoline 1.2 Production of Straight-run Gasoline 1.3 Environmental Impact of Fossil Gasoline Production and Mitigation Efforts 1.4 The Future Perspective of Automotive Gasoline 1.5 Conclusions References 2. Catalytic Cracking 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Catalyst for the FCC Process 2.3 Reaction of the FCC Process 2.4 Cracking Reactions Mechanism 2.4.1 Thermal Cracking 2.5 Catalytic Cracking 2.6 Deactivation of FCC Catalysts 2.7 FCC Process Reaction Kinetics 2.8 Conclusions References 3. Catalytic Reforming of Naphtha 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Principal Reactions of Catalytic Reforming 3.2.1 Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes to Aromatic Compounds 3.2.2 Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins 3.2.3 Linear Isomerization of Paraffins 3.2.4 Hydrocracking 3.3 Thermodynamics of Reforming Reactions 3.3.1 Reactions 3.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Equilibrium 3.3.3 Effect of Pressure on Reaction Equilibrium 3.3.4 Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Equilibrium 3.3.5 Industrial Applications and Challenges 3.4 Catalysts and Reaction Kinetics 3.5 Conclusion References 4. Isomerization/Hydroisomerization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mechanism Reaction 4.2.1 Isomerization Reaction 4.2.2 Hydroisomerization Reaction 4.2.3 Monofunctional Catalysis 4.2.4 Bifunctional Catalysis 4.3 Importance of Isomerization as a Refining Process 4.4 Catalysts for Isomerization 4.4.1 Summary of Composition, Application Temperature, Advantages, and Disadvantages of the Diverse Types of Catalysts Chlorinated Aluminas Zeolites 4.5 Metal Oxides 4.5.1 Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) 4.5.2 Sulfonated Zirconia (SO4 −2-ZrO2) 4.5.3 Reaction Mechanism of Sulfonated Zirconia 4.5.4 Tungsten Zirconia (WO3-ZrO2) 4.6 Process Variables 4.7 Process Technologies 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook References 5. Alkylate Gasoline 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Alkylation Using Strong Acids 5.2.1 Sulfuric Acid 5.2.2 Hydrofluoric acid 5.3 Other Catalysts Used in the Alkylation Reaction 5.3.1 Ionic Liquids (ILs) 5.3.1.1 IsoalkyTM Technology 5.3.1.2 IonikilatyonTM Technology 5.3.2 Zeolites 5.3.2.1 AlkyCleanTM Process 5.3.2.2 K-SAATTM Technology 5.3.2.3 Lurgi EuroFuel® and Haldor Topsoe FBATM Processes 5.4 Conclusions References 6. Gasoline Octane Enhancers: Oxygenated and Non-oxygenated Additives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Octane Rating 6.2.1 Lead as an Antiknock Agent 6.2.2 Metal-based Octane-boosting Compounds 6.3 Oxygenating Agents 6.3.1 Ethers 6.3.2 Alcohols 6.3.3 Esters 6.3.4 Carbonates and Acetates 6.4 Reduction of Gaseous Emissions with the Use of Oxygenating Agents in Petrol 6.5 Limitations and Disadvantages of Using Alcohol-based Oxygenating Agents 6.6 Conclusions and Outlook References 7. Gasoline from Biomass and Non-petroleum Sources 7.1 Introduction: Biomass as a Feedstock 7.1.1 Suitable Biomass Types for Gasoline Production 7.1.2 Sustainable Harvesting and Utilization 7.2 Biofuel Production Processes 7.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion (Pyrolysis and Gasification) Gasification Pyrolysis 7.3.2 Biochemical Conversion (Fermentation) 7.3 Key Biomass-to-Gasoline Technologies 7.3.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 7.3.2 Hydroprocessing 7.4 Zeolite Catalysis 7.5 Non-Petroleum Feedstocks 7.5.1 Algae-based Biofuels 7.6 Synthetic Biology Approaches 7.7 Environmental Benefits and Challenges 7.8 Current State of the Biofuel Market and Economic Prospects for Biomass-derived Gasoline 7.9 Regulatory Landscape 7.9.1 Compliance and Certification Standards 7.9.2 Global Initiatives Promoting Non-Petroleum Fuels 7.10 Challenges and Future Outlook 7.11 Conclusion References 8. Gasoline and Fuel Conversion from Greenhouse Gases: CO2 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Direct Conversion of CO2 into Fuels 8.2.1 Reductive Hydrogenation of CO2 into Hydrocarbons 8.2.2 Synthesis of Long-chain Hydrocarbons from CO2 8.2.3 Catalysts for the Synthesis of Liquid Hydrocarbons from CO2 8.2.3.1 Co-based Catalysts 8.2.3.2 Iron-based Catalysts 8.3 General Considerations on the Production of Fuels from CO2 8.4 Production of Methanol from CO2 8.4.1 Industrial Methanol Production from CO2 8.4.2 Mechanism of Methanol Synthesis from CO2 8.4.3 Progress in Catalyst Systems for the Transformation of CO2 into Methanol 8.5 General Outlook and Perspectives References 9. Synthetic Gasoline 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fischer–Tropsch Process to Generate Liquid Fuels 9.2.1 General Aspects of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 9.2.2 Catalysts Used in FTS 9.3 Gasoline from Methanol (MTG) 9.3.1 General Mechanism of the MTG Process 9.3.2 Catalysts Used in MTG 9.4 Conclusion and Perspectives References 10. The Future of the Production of Fuels: Will Gasoline Survive the Electric Fuels? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Solar Energy 10.3 E-fuel based on CO2 10.4 Hydrogen as E-fuel 10.5 Ammonia as E-fuel or Hydrogen Storage 10.6 Magnesium Fuel Power 10.7 Conclusions References Acknowledgments Index