Cartilage Regeneration (Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine)

This book focuses on cartilage defects and new mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for their repair and regeneration. Early chapters provide a review of current etiological findings and repair methods of cartilage defects. The next chapters discuss fundamental concepts and features of MSCs, including their proliferation, differentiation, migration and immunomodulatory effects. The discussion also includes clinical applications of MSCs in cartilage tissues, especially with regards to various animal models, biomaterials and transferring techniques. __Cartilage Regeneration__ focuses on the biology of MSCs and their possible applications in cartilage reconstruction, with the goal of bringing new insights into regenerative medicine. It will be essential reading for researchers and clinicians in stem cells, regenerative medicine, biomedical engineering and orthopedic surgery. Contents 5 Chapter 1: Application of Stem Cells and the Factors Influence Their Differentiation in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Embryonic Stem Cells 7 1.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 8 1.3.1 Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 9 1.3.1.1 Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells 9 1.3.1.2 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells 10 1.3.1.3 Synovial-Derived Stem Cells 11 1.3.1.4 Other Sources of MSCs 11 1.3.2 Comparison Between Different MSCs in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 12 1.4 Other Kinds of Stem Cells 12 1.4.1 Induced Pluripotent Cells 13 1.4.2 Cartilage Progenitor Cells 13 1.5 The Factors Influence the Differentiation of Stem Cells 13 1.5.1 Co-culture 14 1.5.2 Hypoxia 14 1.5.3 High-Density Microenvironment 15 1.5.4 Growth Factors 15 1.5.5 Other Factors Influencing the Differentiation of Stem Cells 16 1.6 Conclusion 16 References 17 Chapter 2: Application of Scaffold Materials in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Ideal Scaffold 29 2.3 Materials for the Preparation of Scaffold 30 2.3.1 Collagen 30 2.3.2 Gelatin 31 2.3.3 Hyaluronan 32 2.3.4 Fibrin 32 2.3.5 Silk Fibers 32 2.3.6 Synthetic Polymers 33 2.3.7 Acellular Cartilage Matrix 33 2.3.8 Polyhydoxyalkanoates (PHA) Family 34 2.3.9 Poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-­caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC) 35 2.4 Preparation Method of Scaffold 35 2.5 Conclusions 38 References 38 Chapter 3: Cellular Response to Surface Topography and Substrate Stiffness 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Patterns Manufacturing Technology 46 3.2.1 Micro-contact Printing Technique 47 3.2.2 Photolithography Technique 47 3.2.3 Micro Electrochemical Machining Technique 48 3.2.4 Microfluid Patterning with Micro-channels 48 3.3 Micro-patterns 48 3.3.1 Micro-patters Affect Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Migration 49 3.3.2 Micro-patters Affect Cell Differentiation 49 3.4 Nano-patterns 51 3.4.1 Nano-patterns Affect Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Migration 51 3.4.2 Nano-patterns Affect Cell Differentiation 52 3.5 Irregular Patterns-Roughness 53 3.6 Stiffness 54 3.7 Conclusion 56 References 56 Chapter 4: Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 62 4.1 Electrospinning Materials in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 63 4.2 Topography of Electrospun Fibrous Scaffold in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 67 4.3 Modifications of Electrospun Fibrous Scaffold in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 69 4.4 New Electrospinning Approaches in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 71 4.4.1 Dual-Electrospinning 71 4.4.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 72 4.4.3 “3D” Electrospinning 73 4.5 Prospective 73 References 74 Chapter 5: The Research Advances of Nanomaterials Inducing Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Various Nanomaterials Inducing Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells 80 5.2.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials 80 5.2.1.1 Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites 80 5.2.1.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 81 5.2.1.3 Silicon Nanoparticles 83 5.2.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 84 5.2.1.5 Gold Nanoparticles 85 5.2.1.6 Titanium Nanoparticles 86 5.2.1.7 Selenium Nanomaterials 86 5.2.1.8 Silver Nanoparticles 87 5.2.2 Polymer Nanomaterials 87 5.2.2.1 Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 88 5.2.2.2 Polylactic Acid Fiber (PLLA) 88 5.2.2.3 Poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) 89 5.2.2.4 Natural Polymer Nanomaterials 90 5.3 Conclusion and Prospective 90 References 91 Index 98 Front Matter....Pages i-v Application of Stem Cells and the Factors Influence Their Differentiation in Cartilage Tissue Engineering....Pages 1-20 Application of Scaffold Materials in Cartilage Tissue Engineering....Pages 21-39 Cellular Response to Surface Topography and Substrate Stiffness....Pages 41-57 Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration....Pages 59-75 The Research Advances of Nanomaterials Inducing Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells....Pages 77-95 Back Matter....Pages 97-97