Career Counseling : Holism, Diversity, and Strengths

The latest edition of this bestseller presents a holistic, strengths-based, and theoretically sound model of career development and the career counseling process that will help counselors and psychologists to update and expand their existing knowledge and skills. Useful for professionals-in-training and experienced clinicians, the career counseling process outlined in this text is both practitioner-friendly and effective with clients of all ages and circumstances. Practical strategies designed specifically to assist clients in reaching their goals and resolving their concerns are presented throughout the book. Significant attention is placed on expanding the career options and empowering the life choices of women; men; racial and ethnic minorities; gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients; clients from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds; and individuals with disabilities. Additional topics discussed include traditional and postmodern career theories and approaches, forming a productive alliance with the client, effective use of assessment inventories and instruments, helping clients respond to changes in the workplace and family life, working with resistant clients, developing client action plans, and bringing closure to the career counseling process. A new chapter titled ''Using Social Media in Career Counseling'' rounds out this exceptional publication. Features: Three carefully crafted and connected parts, which are organized around a holistic perspective of career development and the career counseling process A career counseling process based on a life career development perspective, with particular attention to diversity, spirituality, social class, disability, sexual orientation, and gender issues In-depth presentations of selected techniques and assessment procedures A framework for integrating postmodern qualitative and traditional quantitative assessment techniques and information directly into the career counseling process Career Counseling: Holism, Diversity, and Strengths 1 Table of Contents 7 Preface 11 Acknowledgments 15 About the Authors 17 About the Contributors 19 Part One: Career Counseling in the 21st Century: Evolving Contexts, Challenges, and Concepts 21 Chapter 1: Career Counseling: A Life Career Development Perspective 23 Career Counseling 24 The Nature of Career Counseling 24 The Structure of Career Counseling 26 Life Career Development: A Holistic Perspective 28 What Is Life Career Development? 29 A Goal of Life Career Development— Creating Career Consciousness in Individuals 30 Using Life Career Development in Career Counseling 32 Implications for Career Counseling 33 Prediction and Development 33 Strengths and Deficits 34 Stability and Change 34 Ensuring Counselor Competence 34 What Do We Know About Career Development and Career Counseling? 36 Closing Thoughts 37 References 37 Chapter 2: Ways of Understanding Career Behavior and Development: Selected Theories 41 The Evolution of Our Understanding of Career Behavior and Development 42 Observational Era 42 Empirical Era 43 Theoretical Era 44 Selected Theories From the Modern and Postmodern Eras 45 Modern Theories of Career Development 45 Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory of Career Development 45 Holland’s Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments 48 Schlossberg’s Adult Career Development Transition Model 54 Lent, Brown, and Hackett’s Social Cognitive Career Theory 57 The Happenstance Learning Theory 58 Race/Gender Ecological Model of Career Development 60 Postmodern Theories of Career Development 61 Constructivism/Social Constructionism 61 The Chaos Theory of Career Development 64 Closing Thoughts 66 References 67 Chapter 3: Empowering Life Choices: Career Counseling in the Contexts of Race and Class 71 Definition of Terms 71 The Birth of the Field 73 Six Key Tenets 73 The Tenet of Universality 74 The Tenet of Individualism and Autonomy 74 The Tenet of Affluence 75 The Tenet of the Structure of Opportunity Open to All Who Strive and the Myth of Meritocracy 76 The Tenet of the Centrality of Work in People’s Lives 77 The Tenet of the Linearity, Progressiveness, and Rationality of the Career Development Process 77 Demographic and Ethical Imperatives 78 Individual Difference Variables: Worldview, Acculturation, and Racial and Ethnic Identity Development 81 Worldview 81 Acculturation 82 Racial and Ethnic Identity Development 84 The Career Counseling Process Through the Lens of Culture 86 Phase 1: Client Goal or Problem Identification, Clarification, and Specification 86 Phase 2: Client Goal or Problem Resolution 88 Closing Thoughts 89 References 89 Chapter 4: Empowering Women’s Life Choices: An Examination of Gender and Sexual Orientation 99 The Gendered Overlay: Sex Role Socialization in Childhood 100 The Gendered Context of Adolescence 101 The Gendered Workplace Context 103 Gender-Specific Outcomes 104 Limited Participation in Math Fields 104 Lower Expectations for Success 105 Lower Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Nontraditional Careers 106 Family–Work Conflict or Mutual Enhancement 106 Assessments and Techniques for Empowering Women’s Choices 106 Assessing Your Own Counseling Philosophy 107 Helping Clients Acquire Information for Making Authentic Life Choices 110 Valuing What Is Female: Integrating the Self-in-Relation Theory Into Career Counseling 113 Competence in Working With Lesbian and Bisexual Women 115 The Career Counseling Process: Placing Gender Issues Within the Existing Counseling Process 115 Client Goal or Problem Identification, Clarification, and Specification 115 Client Goal or Problem Resolution 117 Closing Thoughts 118 References 119 Chapter 5: Empowering Men’s Life Choices: An Examination of Gender and Sexual Orientation 125 The Gendered Overlay: Sex Role Socialization in Childhood 127 The Gendered Context of Adolescence 128 The Gendered Workplace Context 129 Men in Nontraditional Career Fields 130 The Nontraditional Career Choices of Men of Color 131 The Nontraditional Career Path of the Stay-at-Home Dad 131 The Counselor Role With Male Clients 132 Gender-Specific Outcomes -1 The Relationship of Gender-Related Behaviors to Mortality and Morbidity -1 The Relationship of Gender Role Ideologies to Stress and Coping 134 Search for Meaning 136 Themes in Men’s Career Transition Experiences 136 Assessments for Empowering Men’s Choices 137 Gender Role Conflict Scale 137 Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory 137 Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale 137 Male Role Norms Scale 138 Gender Role Journey Measure 138 Strategies for Exploring Gender Role and Career Issues 138 Expressiveness Training 138 Gender-Focused Journal 139 The Structure of Career Counseling: Placing Gender Issues Within the Counseling Process 139 Client Goal or Problem Identification, Clarification, and Specification 140 Client Goal or Problem Resolution 142 Closing Thoughts 144 References 144 Chapter 6: Facilitating the Career Development of Individuals With Disabilities Through Empowering Career Counseling 149 Current Employment and Career Statuses of Individuals With Disabilities 149 Specific Difficulties Faced by People With Disabilities 150 Empowering Career Counseling 151 An Empowerment Philosophy 152 Applying the Career Counseling Structure to People With Disabilities 153 Client Goal or Problem Identification, Clarification, and Specification 153 Client Goal or Problem Resolution 154 Closing Thoughts 156 References 157 Chapter 7: Helping Clients Understand and Respond to Changes in the Workplace and Family Life 161 Changes in the Workplace and in Family Life 162 The Workplace 162 Family Life 163 Challenges and Consequences of Changing Workplace and Family Life 163 Worker Role Loss 163 Anger in the Workplace 164 Bullying in the Workplace 165 Work–Family Relationships 165 Responding to Workplace and Family Life Issues Through Career Counseling 166 A Life Career Development Perspective 166 Major Areas of Required Knowledge 167 Learning About Labor Markets 167 Combating Gender Stereotypes 168 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Barriers 168 Combating Barriers for People With Disabilities 168 Dealing With Work–Family Problems 169 A Checklist of Counselor Roles 169 Closing Thoughts 170 References 171 Part Two: Client Goal or Problem Identification, Clarification, and Specification 173 Chapter 8: Opening Phase of the Career Counseling Process: Forming the Working Alliance 175 The Working Alliance 175 Establishing a Mutuality of Goals 176 Finding Tasks in Support of the Working Alliance 176 Working at Bonding as Part of the Alliance 177 Building Successful Working Alliances 177 A Counselor’s Checklist on Building the Working Alliance 179 Closing Thoughts 180 References 181 Chapter 9: Identifying and Analyzing Life Career Themes 183 What Are Life Career Themes? 184 Steps Involved in Theme Identification and Analysis 184 Some Points to Remember in Theme Identification and Analysis 185 Interpretation: A Needed Skill in Theme Analysis 186 Forming Tentative Hypotheses: Another Needed Skill in Theme Analysis 187 Selected Sources of Vocabulary for Life Career Themes 187 Vocational Personalities and Work Environments 189 Transferable Skill Identification 191 Combining Two Sources of Vocabulary for Life Career Themes 191 Practice in Identifying Life Career Themes 191 Closing Thoughts 194 References 196 Chapter 10: Life Career Assessment: An Interview Framework to Help Clients Tell Their Stories 199 Theoretical Foundation 200 LCA Framework 202 Career Assessment 203 Typical Day 208 Strengths and Obstacles 210 Summary 212 Some Closing Points 213 Using Transitions 213 Adapting the LCA for Use With Younger Clients 214 Closing Thoughts 215 References 216 Chapter 11: Career, Multicultural, Marital, and Military Family Genograms: Helping Clients Tell Their Stories About Their Career–Family Connections 217 The Career Genogram 218 Rationale 218 Administration 219 Career Genogram Commentary 222 Additional Uses of the Genogram 223 Multicultural Genogram 224 Marital Genogram 224 Military Family Genogram 225 Closing Thoughts 226 References 226 Chapter 12: Gathering Client Information Using an Occupational Card Sort: Using Occupational Titles as Stimuli 229 Occupational Card Sorts 229 Overview of Card Sorts 230 General Benefits of Card Sorts 231 The Case of Tanya 232 The Missouri Occupational Card Sort 233 Common Themes and Subthemes 236 Closing Thoughts 238 References 238 Appendix. Missouri Occupational Card Sort 239 Chapter 13: Gathering Client Information Using Selected Standardized Tests and Inventories: An In-Depth Approach 243 Finding the Right Standardized Tests 243 Criteria for Choosing Assessments 244 First Points to Consider: Validity and Reliability 245 Other Points to Consider 246 A Basic Battery of Career Assessment 247 A Basic Interest Inventory: The SDS 248 A Basic Measure of Personality 248 A Measure of Aptitudes and Skills 249 A Measure of Internal Resources to Aid in the Career Transition -1 Other Supplementary Measures 250 Bringing Test Data Together 251 Integrating Test Data 253 The Case of James 255 Closing Thoughts 255 References 255 Chapter 14: Assessments That Focus on Strengths and Positive Psychology: The Clifton StrengthsFinder and the INSIGHT Inventory 257 The Clifton StrengthsFinder 258 General Description 258 Supporting Materials 258 Development and Theory 259 Using the Results 259 The INSIGHT Inventory 261 Development and Theory 261 What the INSIGHT Inventory Assesses 262 Reliability and Validity 262 The Interpretive Booklet 263 Online Versions 263 Understanding the Four INSIGHT Inventory Traits 263 Work Style and Personal Style Similarities and Differences 264 Using the INSIGHT Inventory in Career Coaching or Counseling 265 Goal: Helping Clients Identify Interests and Subgroup Personality Job Matches 265 Goal: Drawing Out Clients’ Strengths 265 Goal: Helping Clients Combine Personality Preferences, Interests, and Competencies 266 Goal: Increasing Awareness of Family Preferences 266 Goal: Helping Clients Deal With Job Stress 267 Goal: Helping Clients Learn to Flex Their Traits 267 Goal: Helping Clients Develop More Accurate Views of Their Personality Strengths 267 Using the INSIGHT Inventory With the Clifton StrengthsFinder 268 Example 1: Jack and Jennifer: Two Achievers With Different INSIGHT Inventory Profiles 268 Example 2: Ken and Barbara: Two Direct, Reserved, Urgent, Unstructured Individuals With Different StrengthsFinder Talent Themes 268 Organizational Talent Management and Career Development 269 Closing Thoughts 270 References 270 Chapter 15: Understanding and Working With Resistant Clients 273 Recognizing Resistance: Some Examples 274 Fear of Counseling 274 Fear of Taking Responsibility 274 Defense Mechanisms 275 Sabotaged Communication 276 Making Excuses 277 Mistaken Beliefs 277 Faulty Information Processing 278 Overt Physical Behavior 278 Dealing With Resistance 278 Working Alliance 279 Joining 279 Metaphors 280 Confrontation 281 Labeling and Reframing 283 Counselor Resistance 284 Closing Thoughts 284 References 285 Part Three: Client Goal or Problem Resolution 287 Chapter 16: Using Information, Taking Action, and Developing Plans of Action 289 Identifying Client Needs for Information 290 Career Information Needs From a Perceptual Point of View 291 Looking at Our Own Needs for Information 292 Why We Provide Information 292 When to Use Career Information in Counseling 293 Helping Assess the Need for Information 294 Establishing How Much Information Is Helpful 295 Sources of Career Information 295 Some Less Obvious Sources of Career Information 296 Developing Plans of Action 297 What Clients Take From Career Counseling 299 Defining Career Goals and Plans of Action 302 The Basics of Planning 302 Criteria for Career Goals and Action Plans 303 Techniques That May Help to Establish Career Plans 305 Closing Thoughts 305 References 306 Appendix. Additional Resources 307 Chapter 17: Using Social Media in Career Counseling 309 What Is Social Media? 309 Why Is Social Media Important? 309 Delivery of Services 310 Access to Services 310 External Expectations 310 Social Media Considerations 311 Guidelines/Standards of Practice 311 Goals and Strategies 311 Content Management 312 Staffing and Training 313 Assessment 314 The State of Social Media in University Career Counseling Centers 314 Social Media Literacy of Clients 315 Basic Client Competencies 315 Personal Branding Tool 315 Job Search and Networking Tool 316 LinkedIn Recommendations 316 Twitter Recommendations 316 Career Center Best Practices 317 Student Mentoring and Networking 317 Alumni Outreach 317 Event Promotion 317 Employer Relations 317 Peer Advising 318 Theme Days or Weeks 318 Professionalism 318 Multimedia 318 Contests 318 Advisory Boards 318 Career Courses 318 Community and Relationship Building 319 Professional Development 319 Closing Thoughts 319 References 319 Chapter 18: Bringing Closure to Career Counseling 321 The Context of Closure 322 Initial Goals Have Been Met 322 No Action at This Time 322 Lack of Depth or Meaning 323 The Special Case of Premature Closure 324 Handling Premature Closure 325 Feelings Associated With Closure 325 “I’d Rather Talk the Talk Than Walk the Walk” 325 “I Feel Nurtured in This Nest—Don’t Kick Me Out” 325 “I Don’t Have to Say Goodbye if I Don’t Come Back” 325 “It Wasn’t All That Good Anyway, so Why Process It?” 325 “ Thank Goodness I’ve Accomplished My Goals and Have My Thursday Evenings Free Again” 326 What Constitutes Effective Closure? 326 Questions to Ponder Before the Closure Session 328 Closing Thoughts 329 References 329 Index 331 Technical Support 345 End User License Agreement 346 "This book establishes a new standard. The focus on 'holism, diversity, and strengths' sets a fresh direction for the field that will inspire today's counselors. Distinct from other texts both in terms of style and ease of use, Career Counseling provides a practical model that connects theory, practice, and resources in hopeful and affirming ways, while offering readers new skills and insights." — Rich Feller, PhD University Distinguished Teaching Scholar, Colorado State University Past President, National Career Development Association "Gysbers, Heppner, and Johnston have continued their excellent contributions to the field with this 4th edition. Their approach is highly practical for counselors in helping diverse clients prepare for and manage the changing workplace and economy. I enthusiastically recommend this book as a must-have resource for counseling professionals and as a textbook for graduate counseling programs." —Kenneth F. Hughey, PhD Kansas State University "We invite all students, professionals, and researchers to read this volume to enrich their practice, research, and the values by which they should be inspired to persist in being active agents of change in the world." —Laura Nota, PhD, and the Larios Vocational Psychology Team University of Padova, Italy The latest edition of this bestseller will help both counselors-in-training and experienced clinicians update and expand their existing knowledge and skills in career counseling with clients of all ages and circumstances. Significant attention is placed on expanding the career options and empowering the life choices of women; men; racial and ethnic minorities; gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients; clients from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds; and individuals with disabilities. Additional topics discussed include traditional and postmodern career theories and approaches, forming a productive alliance with the client, effective use of assessment inventories and instruments, helping clients respond to changes in the workplace and family life, working with resistant clients, developing client action plans, and bringing closure to the counseling process. A new chapter titled "Using Social Media in Career Counseling" rounds out this exceptional book. *Requests for digital versions from ACA can be found on www.wiley.com. *To purchase print copies, please visit the ACA website. *Reproduction requests for material from books published by ACA should be directed to permissions@counseling.org. “This book establishes a new standard. The focus on ‘holism, diversity, and strengths'sets a fresh direction for the field that will inspire today's counselors. Distinct from other texts both in terms of style and ease of use, Career Counseling provides a practical model that connects theory, practice, and resources in hopeful and affirming ways, while offering readers new skills and insights.” —Rich Feller, PhD University Distinguished Teaching Scholar, Colorado State University Past President, National Career Development Association “Gysbers, Heppner, and Johnston have continued their excellent contributions to the field with this 4th edition. Their approach is highly practical for counselors in helping diverse clients prepare for and manage the changing workplace and economy. I enthusiastically recommend this book as a must-have resource for counseling professionals and as a textbook for graduate counseling programs.” —Kenneth F. Hughey, PhD Kansas State University “We invite all students, professionals, and researchers to read this volume to enrich their practice, research, and the values by which they should be inspired to persist in being active agents of change in the world.” —Laura Nota, PhD, and the Larios Vocational Psychology Team University of Padova, Italy The latest edition of this bestseller will help both counselors-in-training and experienced clinicians update and expand their existing knowledge and skills in career counseling with clients of all ages and circumstances. Significant attention is placed on expanding the career options and empowering the life choices of women; men; racial and ethnic minorities; gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients; clients from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds; and individuals with disabilities. Additional topics discussed include traditional and postmodern career theories and approaches, forming a productive alliance with the client, effective use of assessment inventories and instruments, helping clients respond to changes in the workplace and family life, working with resistant clients, developing client action plans, and bringing closure to the counseling process. A new chapter titled “Using Social Media in Career Counseling” rounds out this exceptional book. •Requests for digital versions from ACA can be found on www.wiley.com. •To purchase print copies, please visit the ACA website. •Reproduction requests for material from books published by ACA should be directed to publications@counseling.org Preface Acknowledgments About the contributors Career counseling in the 21st century : evolving contexts, challenges, and concepts Career counseling: a life career development perspective Ways of understanding career behavior and development : selected theories Empowering life choices : career counseling in the contexts of race and class / Lisa Y. Flores Empowering women's life choices : an examination of gender and sexual orientation Empowering men's life choices : an examination of gender and sexual orientation / with P. Paul Heppner Facilitating the career development of individuals with disabilities through empowering career counseling / John F. Kosciulek Helping clients understand and respond to changes in the workplace and in family life Client goal or problem identification, clarification, and specification Opening phase of the career counseling process : forming the working alliance Identifying and analyzing life career themes Life career assessment : an interview framework to help clients tell their stories Career, multicultural, and marital and military family genograms : Helping clients tell their stories about their career-family connections Gathering client information using an occupational card sort : Using occupational titles as stimuli Gathering client information using selected standardized tests and inventories : an in-depth approach Assessments that focus on strengths and positive psychology : the clifton strengthsfinder and the insight inventory / with Patrick Handley Understanding and working with resistant clients Client goal or problem resolution Using information, taking action, and developing plans of action Using social media in career counseling / Amanda Nell Bringing closure to career counseling Index.