Carbon Tmds Nanomaterials Energy Applihb: Carbon and Tmds Nanomaterials for Energy Applications

The world's increasing demand for energy is mainly being fulfilled by non-renewable fossil fuels. Its long-run usage is unsustainable due to depleting resources and adverse effects on the environment. To resolve these issues, researchers are transitioning toward high-performance renewable and sustainable energy sources and storage systems like electrochemical cells for hydrogen production, supercapacitors, batteries, and so forth. Currently, the main challenges to developing these systems require efficient electrode materials with properties like good electrical conductivity, high surface area, good catalytic activity, and so on. Carbon nanostructures (such as graphene and carbon nanotubes) and inorganic transition metal dichalcogenides (such as MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, etc.) are promising candidates for such energy applications owing to their unique properties and exceptional performance. This book summarizes the synthesis of carbon and TMDs to their applications in energy generation and storage. The aim of this book is to benefit the readers with recent aspects and future perspectives of carbon and TMDs-based nanomaterials dedicated to the field of energy generation and storage technologies. Also, professionals might find it useful in fabricating or characterizing these materials for targeted applications. Cover Half Title Carbon and TMDs Nanomaterials for Energy Applications Copyright Dedication Preface Acknowledgement About the Editor List of Contributors Contents 1. An Overview of Carbon and Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanostructures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Carbon Nanostructures 1.2.1 Graphene 1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 1.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 1.4 Applications of Graphene, CNTs, and TMDs 1.4.1 Field-Effect Transistors 1.4.2 Photodetector 1.4.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 1.4.4 Gas Sensors 1.4.5 Solar Cell 1.4.6 Photocatalysts 1.4.7 Supercapacitor 1.4.8 Batteries 1.4.9 Fuel Cell 1.4.10 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 1.4.11 Hydrogen Storage 1.5 Conclusion References 2. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Carbon Nanostructures 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Graphene 2.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene 2.2.1.1 Exfoliation (or Cleavage) Technique 2.2.1.2 Chemical Synthesis 2.2.1.3 Arc Discharge Method 2.2.1.4 Unzipping of CNT 2.2.1.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.2.1.6 Epitaxial Growth on SiC 2.2.1.7 Pyrolysis 2.2.2 Characterization Techniques of Graphene 2.2.2.1 Optical Microscopy 2.2.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 2.2.2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 2.2.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 2.2.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy 2.2.3 Properties of Graphene 2.2.3.1 Electronic Properties 2.2.3.2 Mechanical Properties 2.2.3.3 Optical Property 2.2.3.4 Thermal Properties 2.2.3.5 Electrochemical Property 2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2.3.1 Synthesis of CNTs 2.3.1.1 Arc Discharge 2.3.1.2 Laser Ablation 2.3.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.3.1.4 Hydrothermal Process 2.3.1.5 Electrolysis 2.3.2 Purification of CNT 2.3.2.1 Oxidation 2.3.2.2 Acid Treatment 2.3.2.3 Annealing and Thermal Treatment 2.3.2.4 Ultrasonication 2.3.2.5 Micro-Filtration 2.3.3 Characterizations of CNTs 2.3.3.1 SEM and TEM 2.3.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 2.3.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 2.3.4 Properties of CNTs 2.3.4.1 Electronic Properties 2.3.4.2 Mechanical Strength 2.3.4.3 Electrochemical Properties of CNTs 2.4 Summary References 3. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of TMDs Nanostructures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Transition Metal Disulfides (MS2) 3.2.1 Synthesis of MoS2 3.2.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 3.2.1.2 Chemical Exfoliation 3.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 3.2.1.3.1 Transfer mechanism 3.2.1.4 Wet Chemical Synthesis 3.2.2 Characterization Techniques of MoS2 3.2.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy 3.2.2.2 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy 3.2.2.3 Microscopic Characterization 3.2.3 Properties of MoS2 3.2.3.1 Electronic Property 3.2.3.2 Optical Property 3.2.3.3 Mechanical Property 3.2.3.4 Thermal Property 3.2.4 Other Transition Metal Disulfides 3.3 Transition Metal Diselenides (MSe2) 3.3.1 Synthesis of MoSe2 3.3.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 3.3.1.2 Liquid Phase Exfoliation 3.3.1.3 Hydrothermal Method 3.3.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 3.3.1.5 Other Methods 3.3.2 Characterization of MoSe2 3.3.3 Properties of MoSe2 3.3.3.1 Optical Properties 3.3.3.2 Electrical Properties 3.3.4 Other Transition Metal Diselenides 3.4 Summary References 4. Carbon-Based and TMDs-Based Materials as Catalyst Support for Fuel Cells 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fuel Cells (FCs) 4.3 Graphene as Catalyst Support 4.3.1 Pt-based Electrocatalysts 4.3.2 Non-Pt Based Electrocatalyst 4.4 Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) as Catalyst Support 4.5 Conclusion References 5. Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Using Carbon-Based and TMDs-Based Nanomaterials As Electrocatalysts 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Reactions Involved in HER Process 5.3 Reaction Mechanism for HER 5.3.1 HER Reaction in Acidic Medium 5.3.2 HER Reaction in Alkaline Medium 5.4 Performance Evolution Index for Electrocatalyst 5.4.1 Overpotential (h) 5.4.2 Tafel Slope and Exchange Current Density 5.4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Measurements 5.4.4 Turnover Frequency 5.4.5 Faradic Efficiency (FE) 5.5 Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production 5.5.1 Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production 5.5.2 TMDs-based Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production 5.6 Conclusion References 6. Carbon-Based and TMDs-Based Nanostructures for Solar-Driven Steam Generation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Light-to-Heat Conversion Mechanisms 6.3 Parameters Influencing Solar-Driven Steam Generation 6.3.1 Solar Absorptance 6.3.2 Solar Thermal Conversion Efficiency 6.4 Solar-Driven Steam Generation Techniques 6.4.1 Conventional Solar Steam Generation 6.4.2 Nanofluid-based Solar Steam Generation (NSSG) 6.4.3 Carbon Materials for NSSG 6.4.4 Solar-Driven Interfacial Steam Generation (SISG) 6.4.5 Carbon-Based Photothermal Materials for SISG 6.4.6 TMD-based Materials for ISSG 6.4.7 Structural Configurations of SISG 6.4.8 2D Configuration 6.4.9 3D Configuration 6.5 Applications of Interfacial Systems 6.6 Conclusion and Perspective References 7. An Overview of the Recent Developments in Graphene-MoS2-Based Supercapacitors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dielectric Capacitor and Supercapacitor 7.3 History of Supercapacitors 7.4 Taxonomy of Supercapacitors 7.4.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLCs) 7.4.2 Pseudocapacitors 7.4.3 Hybrid Capacitor 7.4.4 Composite Electrodes 7.4.5 Asymmetric Capacitor 7.5 Supercapacitor Designing for Testing 7.5.1 Two-Electrode Configuration 7.5.2 Electrochemical Analysis 7.5.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 7.5.4 Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge 7.5.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 7.6 Graphene–MoS2 Supercapacitor Applications 7.7 Conclusion References 8. Carbon-Based and TMDs-Based Air Cathode for Metal–Air Batteries 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Working Principle of MABs 8.2.1 Electrochemical Study 8.2.1.1 ORR Analysis 8.2.1.2 OER Analysis 8.2.1.3 Battery Performance Analysis 8.3 Types of MABs 8.3.1 Lithium–Air (Li–O2) Battery 8.3.2 Potassium–Air (K–O2) Battery 8.3.3 Sodium–Air (Na–O2) Battery 8.3.4 Magnesium–Air (Mg–O2) Battery 8.3.5 Zinc–Air (Zn–O2) Battery 8.4 Summary, Challenges, and Prospects References 9. Carbon-Based and TMDs-Based Nanostructured Anode Materials for Improved Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Performances 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Role of Anode in the Battery 9.2.1 During Charging 9.2.2 During Discharging 9.3 Types of Anode Materials for LIB and SIB Applications 9.4 Types of Nanostructured Materials as Anode 9.4.1 Nanostructured Carbonaceous Materials 9.4.1.1 Carboneous Materials as Anode for LIBs 9.4.1.1.1 CNTs-based anode materials 9.4.1.1.2 CNFs-based anode materials 9.4.1.1.3 CX-based anode materials 9.4.1.1.4 Graphene-based anode materials 9.4.1.1.5 Carbon hybrids anode materials 9.4.1.2 Carbon-based Anode Materials for SIBs 9.4.1.2.1 Modified graphite-based anode materials 9.4.1.2.2 Soft carbon materials 9.4.1.2.3 Hard-carbon materials 9.4.2 TMD-based Anode Materials 9.4.2.1 TMD-based Anode Materials for LIBs 9.4.2.2 TMD-based Anode Materials for SIBs 9.4.3 Other Nanostructured Anode Materials 9.4.3.1 Other Nanostructured Anode Materials for LIBs 9.4.3.2 Other Nanostructured Anode Materials for SIBs 9.5 Summary and Future Perspectives References Index