Carbon Footprints: Case Studies from the Energy and Transport Sectors (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes)

This book presents revealing case studies on carbon footprint calculation and mitigation in various industrial sectors. There are numerous sectors whose carbon footprints need to be calculated, and effective ways to mitigate the greenhouse-gas emissions from these sectors need to be found. Using representative case studies, this book highlights the carbon footprint of national power generation systems, crude glycerol production plants and the Brazilian highway network system, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources in expansion planning, so as to promote and implement power system decarbonization. Contents 6 Prospective Assessment of the Carbon Footprint of a National Power Generation System 7 1 Introduction 7 2 Materials and Methods 8 2.1 The ESM + LCA Approach 9 2.2 Energy Scenarios 11 3 Results 13 3.1 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Scenarios on the Retirement of Non-Renewable Technologies 14 3.2 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Scenarios on Novel Energy Policies 16 3.3 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Cross-Sectoral Scenarios 20 3.4 Lessons Learned 21 4 Conclusions 22 References 22 Energy Valorization of Bio-glycerol: Carbon Footprint of Co-pyrolysis Process of Crude Glycerol in a CHP Plant 24 1 Introduction 25 1.1 Pyrolysis of Crude Glycerol 28 1.2 Description of the Plant 30 1.3 Life-Cycle Assessment of Biomass Pyrolysis 31 2 LCA Methodology 33 2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 34 2.2 System Boundaries 35 2.3 Life-Cycle Inventory 38 2.4 Allocation 43 3 Results 44 4 Discussion 45 5 Conclusions 46 References 47 Decarbonisation of Electricity Generation: Efforts and Challenges 52 1 Introduction 53 2 Global Electricity Trends 55 3 Electricity and Greenhouse Gases 57 4 Decarbonisation of the Power Industry 58 4.1 GEP, Environmental Issues and Climate Change 58 4.2 Environmental Considerations in GEP Studies 58 4.3 Emission Reduction Handling in GEP 59 4.4 GEP and Intermittent Renewable Energy 67 5 Green Policies for Power Generation Decarbonisation 70 5.1 Carbon Tax 71 5.2 GEP and FIT System 71 5.3 Emission Trading 72 5.4 Auctions and Tendering Schemes 73 6 Emission Reduction Capabilities 73 7 Decarbonisation: Both Sides of the Story 74 8 Conclusion 75 References 76 Carbon Footprint of Brazilian Highway Network 83 1 Introduction 84 2 The Brazilian National Traffic Counting Plan 86 2.1 Permanent Traffic Counting 87 2.2 Origin and Destination Survey 88 3 Brazilian Road Transport 91 4 Carbon Footprint Methodology 93 5 Results and Discussion 97 6 Conclusions 102 References 103 Front Matter ....Pages i-v Prospective Assessment of the Carbon Footprint of a National Power Generation System (Zaira Navas-Anguita, Diego García-Gusano, Diego Iribarren)....Pages 1-17 Energy Valorization of Bio-glycerol: Carbon Footprint of Co-pyrolysis Process of Crude Glycerol in a CHP Plant (Flavio Scrucca, Antonella Rotili, Andrea Presciutti, Francesco Fantozzi, Pietro Bartocci, Mauro Zampilli)....Pages 19-46 Decarbonisation of Electricity Generation: Efforts and Challenges (O. M. Babatunde, J. L. Munda, Y. Hamam)....Pages 47-77 Carbon Footprint of Brazilian Highway Network (Luíza Santana Franca, Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro, Romulo Dante Orrico Filho, Leonardo Roberto Perim, Ivone Catarina Simões Hoffmann, Carlos Alberto Abramides)....Pages 79-100