Carbon Footprint Case Studies: Municipal Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Road Transport and Carbon Sequestration (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes)

Global warming and its effects are felt and understood by almost every one across the globe now. Carbon footprint calculation and mitigation in different industrial sectors is the need of the hour. There are numerous industrial sectors, whose carbon footprints need to be calculated and the ways to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions from those sectors need to be started with immediate effect. This book highlights case studies involving the carbon footprints of municipal solid waste, sustainable road transport and Carbon footprint accounting of sources and sinks by studying carbon sequestration of Karnataka, a state in India. Contents 7 About the Editor 8 Carbon Footprint: Concept, Methodology and Calculation 9 1 Introduction 10 2 A General Overview on Carbon Footprint 11 3 Product Carbon (and Environmental) Footprint 13 4 The Influence of Methodological Choices on CF Results 18 4.1 Selection of Functional Unit 18 4.2 Consequential Versus Attributional Approach 19 4.3 Impact of Land Use Change Emissions 20 4.4 Impact of Temporal Dimension 21 5 Analysis of Available CF Calculation Tools 23 5.1 CFO and CFP Calculation Tools 23 5.2 Other CF Calculation Tools 27 6 Conclusion 34 References 35 Carbon Footprint of Food Waste Management: A Case Study in Rio De Janeiro 40 1 Introduction 41 2 Carbon Emissions from Food Waste Management 43 3 Methodology 45 4 A Case Study in Rio De Janeiro 51 5 Results and Discussion 52 6 Conclusions 56 References 57 Carbon Footprint of Karnataka: Accounting of Sources and Sinks 60 1 Introduction 61 2 Materials and Method 64 2.1 Study Area 64 3 Method 65 3.1 Estimation of Spatiotemporal Carbon Sequestration Potential 66 3.2 Quantification of Carbon Emission from Various Sectors 67 3.3 Carbon Ratio (CR) 72 4 Results and Discussion 72 4.1 Quantifying Spatiotemporal Land-Use Changes 72 4.2 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Forest Ecosystems in Karnataka 75 4.3 Quantification of Carbon Emissions in Karnataka 80 4.4 Carbon Ratio (CR) or Carbon Status in Karnataka 85 4.5 Strategies for Carbon Mitigation 87 5 Conclusion 89 Annexure-I 90 Annexure-II 92 References 96 An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable Road Transport: A Challenge for Cities Worldwide 100 1 Introduction 101 2 Methodology 103 3 Road Sustainable Transport and the Sustainable Development Goals 103 4 Mitigation Options for Road Transportation 106 4.1 International Aspects of Mitigation Policies for Transportation 106 4.2 Opportunities for Cities Toward a Low Carbon Transport 108 5 An Overview on Cost of Shifting to Road Sustainable Transport 109 5.1 Public Transportation Improvements 111 5.2 Incentive to Active Transportation 113 5.3 Inhibition of Motor Vehicle Use 114 5.4 Land Use Strategies and Road Infrastructure Improvements 117 5.5 System Operations and Management 118 5.6 Vehicle Energy Efficiency and Fuel Switching 120 5.7 Synthesis of Results 122 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 123 References 124 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario 129 1 Introduction 130 2 Literature Search 138 3 Methodologies for the Estimation of GHG Emission 138 4 Life Cycle Assessment of MSW Management 139 4.1 Goal and Scope Definition 139 4.2 Functional Unit and System Boundaries 140 4.3 Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) 141 4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Sensitivity Analysis 142 4.5 Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIP) 142 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from MSW Management System 143 5.1 GHG Emissions from Waste Collection and Transport Systems 143 5.2 GHG Emissions from Waste Segregation and Material Recycling Facilities 144 5.3 GHG Emissions from Composting and Anaerobic Digestion 144 5.4 GHG Emissions from Incineration and Thermal Treatments 145 5.5 GHG Emissions from Landfill 145 6 Case Studies 146 6.1 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in China 146 6.2 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in the USA 146 6.3 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in India 148 7 Ecological and Sociological Threats of GHG Emissions 150 7.1 Global Warming 150 7.2 Carbon Cycle 152 7.3 Climate Change 152 7.4 Effects on the Aquatic Ecosystem 152 7.5 Effects on the Terrestrial Ecosystem 153 7.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of GHGs 153 8 Mitigation Strategies in GHG Emissions During MSW Management 154 8.1 5-R Principle 154 8.2 Waste Segregation 158 8.3 Improved Landfill Practices 158 8.4 Controlled Composting and Anaerobic Digestion 159 8.5 Utilization of MSW Compost as Manure 159 8.6 State-of-the-Art Incineration 159 8.7 Reclamation of Abandoned Dumpsites by Vegetation 160 9 Conclusions 160 References 161 Front Matter ....Pages i-ix Carbon Footprint: Concept, Methodology and Calculation (Flavio Scrucca, Grazia Barberio, Valentina Fantin, Pier Luigi Porta, Marco Barbanera)....Pages 1-31 Carbon Footprint of Food Waste Management: A Case Study in Rio De Janeiro (Luíza Santana Franca, Bernardo Ornelas-Ferreira, Giovanna Maria da Costa Corrêa, Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro, João Paulo Bassin)....Pages 33-52 Carbon Footprint of Karnataka: Accounting of Sources and Sinks (T. V. Ramachandra, Setturu Bharath)....Pages 53-92 An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable Road Transport: A Challenge for Cities Worldwide (Andrea Souza Santos, Victor Hugo Souza de Abreu, Tassia Faria de Assis, Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro)....Pages 93-121 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario (Meenu Gautam, Madhoolika Agrawal)....Pages 123-160