CARBON DOTS IN BIOLOGY : synthesis, properties, biological and pharmaceutical applications. tukhliyivich

The research on carbon dots is evolving and expanding very rapidly. A high-tech overview for academia and industry is needed to modernize carbon dots in biological applications. This book covers the use of carbon dots in biology, medicine, and pharmacy: synthesis, properties and applications, obstacles in exploiting these materials, and future research prospects. The reader is able to explore the wide scope of carbon dots in the global market. Outlines carbon dot applications in biology, medicine, and pharmacy. Evaluates the carbon dots as prime options for sustainable and transformational opportunities. A valuable reference for scientists and engineers researching carbon dots. Cover Half Title Also of interest Carbon Dots in Biology: Synthesis, Properties, Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications Copyright Contents About the editors List of contributors 1. Recent trends and developments in carbon dots 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Importance of carbon dots in material and engineering science 1.2 Current trends in the synthesis of carbon dots 1.3 Developments in the synthesis of carbon dots 1.4 Trends in green carbon dots 1.5 Carbon dot modification with supramolecular compounds 1.6 Recent trends in carbon dots/2D hybrid materials 1.7 Conclusions References 2. Main properties and characteristics of carbon dots 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main properties and characteristics of carbon dots 2.2.1 UV–visible 2.2.2 Fluorescence 2.2.3 Phosphorescence 2.2.4 Dispersibility and biocompatibility 2.3 Conclusion Abbreviations References 3. Synthetic strategies of carbon dots 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synthetic strategies 3.2.1 Chemical oxidation 3.2.2 Laser-abscission method 3.2.3 Electrochemical synthesis 3.2.4 Hydrothermal method 3.2.5 Pyrolysis route 3.2.6 Microwave treatment 3.2.7 Other chemical methods References 4. Carbon dots in biosensing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Synthesis of CDs 4.3 Structural and photophysical characterization of CDs 4.4 Application of CDs in biosensing 4.4.1 Cancer and malignancy 4.4.2 Metal ion sensing 4.4.3 Detection of organic molecules 4.4.4 Pesticides 4.5 Mechanism of CDs 4.5.1 On–off mechanism 4.5.2 Off–on mechanism 4.5.3 Fluorescence shift mechanism 4.6 Challenges and future outlooks 4.7 Conclusion References 5. Carbon dots in detection of biological molecules and metal ions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biocompatibility of carbon dots in detection of biological molecules 5.2.1 Hemocompatibility of carbon dots 5.2.2 Biocompatibility of carbon dots 5.3 Types of carbon dots and bioconjugation strategies 5.4 The use of carbon dots in mapping out biological processes 5.4.1 Carbon dots in monitoring of metal ions 5.4.2 Sub-cellular labelling with CDs 5.4.2.1 Lysosome 5.4.2.2 Mitochondrion 5.4.2.3 Nucleus 5.4.2.4 Endoplasmic reticulum 5.4.2.5 Receptor/membrane protein targeting 5.4.2.6 Targeting of nucleic acid 5.5 Carbon dots in diagnostics 5.6 Carbon dots in detection of metal ions in the environment 5.7 Multiple detection of metal ions 5.8 Conclusion References 6. Carbon dots in nanozymes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Varieties of CD nanozymes 6.3 Use cases for CD-based nanozymes 6.3.1 Biomedical application of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.2 Biomedicine application of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.3 Bio-imaging and bio-detection of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.4 Detection of O2 6.3.5 Detection of H2O2 6.3.6 Detection of glucose and glutathione 6.3.7 Detection of proteins 6.3.8 Detection of nucleic acids 6.3.9 Detection of cancer cells 6.3.10 Bio-sensing of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.11 The biosensor colorimetric 6.3.12 Sensors electrochemical of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.13 The high catalytic activity of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.14 Environmental application of CD-based nanozymes 6.3.15 Oxidase/laccase-like activity 6.4 Current issues and proposed fixes 6.5 Conclusions References 7. Carbon dots in food safety detection 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Time 7.2 Food contamination during processing 7.2.1 External pollution 7.2.2 Contamination from housework courses 7.2.3 Contamination by heating 7.3 Causes of food security 7.3.1 Effects of food security 7.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials 7.4.1 Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) 7.4.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 7.5 Graphene and its wastes 7.6 Conclusions References 8. Carbon dots in anticancer detection and therapy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Preparation of CDs 8.2.1 Top-down approach 8.2.1.1 Chemical exfoliation 8.2.1.2 Laser ablation method 8.2.1.3 Ultrasonic–assisted treatment 8.2.2 Bottom-up approach 8.2.2.1 Microwave synthesis 8.2.2.2 Hydrothermal method 8.2.2.3 Chemical vapour deposition 8.2.2.4 Pyrolysis 8.2.2.5 Solvothermal method 8.3 Applications of carbon dots 8.3.1 Carbon dots for cancer diagnosis 8.3.1.1 Fluorescence imaging probe carbon dots 8.3.1.2 Photoacoustic (PA) imaging probe carbon dots 8.3.1.3 Magnetic resonance imaging probe carbon dots 8.4 Carbon dots for cancer therapy 8.4.1 CDs for drug delivery 8.4.2 CDs for photodynamic therapy 8.4.3 CDs for photothermal therapy 8.4.4 CDs for multimodal cancer therapy 8.5 Conclusion References 9. Carbon dots in photodynamic therapy 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Structure and application of carbon dot 9.1.1.1 Structure 9.1.2 Application 9.1.2.1 Bioimaging 9.1.2.1.1 In vitro imaging 9.1.2.1.2 In vivo imaging 9.1.2.2 Biosensor 9.1.2.3 Disease-detection system 9.1.2.4 Gene and drug delivery system 9.2 Carbon dots synthesis 9.2.1 Top-down approaches 9.2.1.1 Chemical exfoliation 9.2.1.2 Laser ablation 9.2.1.3 Ultrasonic treatment 9.2.2 Bottom-up approaches 9.2.2.1 Microwave synthesis 9.2.2.2 Pyrolysis/carbonization 9.2.2.3 Hydrothermal 9.2.2.4 Solvothermal 9.2.2.5 Chemical vapour deposition 9.3 Photodynamic therapy 9.3.1 History 9.3.2 Principle of PDT 9.3.2.1 Photosensitizing agent 9.3.2.2 Light 9.3.2.3 Mechanism 9.3.2.4 Clinical procedure 9.3.3 Benefits and disadvantages 9.4 Some studies about carbon dots in photodynamic therapy 9.4.1 CCOF-1 and CCOF-2 9.4.2 Porphyrin-based carbon dots 9.4.3 Carbons dots that interact white the nucleus 9.4.3.1 Red emissive two-photon carbon dots 9.4.3.2 Se/N-doped carbon dots 9.4.4 Copper-doped carbon dots 9.4.5 Carbon quantum dots 9.4.6 Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based carbon dots 9.5 Future suggestions References 10. Carbon dots in photothermal therapy 10.1 Carbon dots 10.2 History of carbon dots 10.3 Classification of carbon dots 10.4 Synthetic methods of carbon dots 10.4.1 Top-down approach 10.4.1.1 Laser ablation method 10.4.1.2 Arc discharge method 10.4.1.3 Chemical oxidation method 10.4.1.4 Ultrasonic treatment 10.4.2 Bottom-up approach 10.4.2.1 Hydrothermal/solvothermal method 10.4.2.2 Microwave-assisted method 10.4.2.3 Thermal method 10.5 Characteristic properties of CDs 10.5.1 Optical properties 10.5.1.1 Absorption 10.5.1.2 Quantum yield 10.5.1.3 Fluorescence properties 10.6 Phototherapy theory 10.6.1 Photothermal therapy (PTT) 10.6.2 Mechanism of heat generation in photothermal therapy 10.7 Carbon dots in photothermal therapy 10.8 Clinical challenges of CD-based photothermal therapy 10.9 Conclusion References 11. Carbon dots in antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Carbon dots (C-dots) 11.3 Medicinal characteristics of carbon dots 11.3.1 The antibacterial properties of C-dots 11.3.2 The antifungal properties of C-dots 11.3.3 The antiviral and antiparasitic properties of C-dots 11.4 Antimicrobial functional mechanism 11.5 Conclusion 11.6 Research directions for future References 12. Carbon dots in antibiosis: disinfection and sterilization 12.1 Antibiosis 12.1.1 History 12.1.2 Antibiosis in plants and insects 12.1.3 Antibiosis in fungi 12.1.4 Antibiosis in bacteria 12.2 Antibiotic 12.2.1 Antibiotic resistance 12.2.2 Carbon dots derived from kanamycin sulphate 12.2.3 Fluorescent carbon dots with a high nitric oxide 12.2.4 CDs-C12 12.2.5 Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots 12.2.6 Levofloxacin-based carbon dots References 13. Carbon dots in drug delivery 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Conventional DDS and their limitations 13.2.1 Nanocarriers in drug delivery 13.3 CDs as potential drug nanocarriers 13.4 CD drug loading 13.5 CDs as a potential DDS 13.6 CDs as a trackable drug delivery agents 13.6.1 Absorption 13.6.2 Photoluminescence 13.6.3 Up-conversion PL (UCPL) 13.7 Drug release from CDs 13.7.1 Stimuli-responsive drug release from CDs 13.7.1.1 pH stimuli-responsive drug release 13.7.1.2 Redox stimuli-responsive drug release 13.7.1.3 Temperature stimuli-responsive drug release 13.7.1.4 Light stimuli-responsive drug release 13.7.1.5 Multiple stimuli-responsive CDs for drug release 13.8 Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of CDs 13.8.1 Selective toxicity of drug-loaded CDs 13.9 Conclusion References 14. Carbon dots in protein and nucleic acid delivery 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Carbon dots in the delivery of protein and nucleic acid into plant cells 14.3 Carbon dots in the delivery of protein and nucleic acid into animal cells 14.4 Carbon dots in the delivery of protein and nucleic acid into bacterial cells 14.5 Conclusions References Index