گرفتن و ذخیره‌سازی کربن: روش‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی

Carbon Capture and Storage: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods presents comprehensive information on the principles of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Among the various climate change mitigation strategies currently being explored, CCS technology allows for the continuous use of fossil fuels and provides time to make a changeover to other energy sources in a systematic way. Many factors decide CCS applicability worldwide, such as technical development, overall potential, flow and shift of the technology to developing countries and their capability to apply the technology, regulatory aspects, environmental concerns, public perception, and costs. This book provides in-depth information on the principles of CCS technology, different environmental applications, recent advances, critical analysis of new CCS methods and processes, and directions toward future research and development of CCS technology. Topics include: carbon dioxide sequestration and leakage; monitoring, verification, and accounting of carbon dioxide in different settings; carbon reuses for a sustainable future; applications of CCS for the coal-powered electricity industry; carbon dioxide scrubbing processes and applications; carbon sequestration via mineral carbonation; carbon burial and enhanced soil carbon trapping; algae-based carbon capture; carbon immobilization enhanced by photosynthesis; enzymatic sequestration and biochar technology for CCS; carbon sequestration in the ocean; and modeling of carbon dioxide storage in deep geological formations. Engineers, scientists, students, government officers, process managers, and practicing professionals will find this book an essential reference on carbon capture and sequestration technology. Cover 1 Contents 4 Preface 10 Contributing Authors 12 Chapter 1 Introduction 14 Chapter 2 Carbon Capture and Storage: An Overview 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 CCS Technologies 21 2.3 Current Status of CCS Technology 27 2.4 Barriers to CCS 30 2.5 Major Issues Related to CCS 34 2.6 Summary 44 2.7 References 44 Chapter 3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Physical/Chemical Technologies 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Separation with Solvents 51 3.3 Separation with Sorbents 57 3.4 Separation with Membranes 60 3.5 Separation with Other Technologies 64 3.6 Carbon Capture Schemes for Different Sources 66 3.7 Conclusions 72 3.8 References 73 Chapter 4 Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Biological Technologies 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Biological Processes for Carbon Capture 79 4.3 Biological Processes for CO[sub(2)] Sequestration 89 4.4 Advanced Biological Processes for CCS 100 4.5 Biotic versus Abiotic CCS 108 4.6 Summary 109 4.7 Acknowledgements 111 4.8 Abbreviations 111 4.9 References 112 Chapter 5 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration and Leakage 126 5.1 Introduction 126 5.2 Ocean Carbon Sequestration (OCS) 128 5.3 Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS) 139 5.4 Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration (TCS) 147 5.5 Leakage, MVA, and LCRM 152 5.6 Future Trends and Summary 157 5.7 Acknowledgements 159 5.8 Abbreviations 160 5.9 References 160 Chapter 6 Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting of CO[sub(2)] Stored in Deep Geological Formations 172 6.1 Introduction 172 6.2 Generic Storage Options for Geological Storage of CO[sub(2)] 173 6.3 MVA: Background and General Procedures 176 6.4 Key Monitoring Techniques of MVA 182 6.5 Two Case Studies 195 6.6 Current Issues and Future Research Needs 198 6.7 Conclusions 199 6.8 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 200 6.9 References 201 Chapter 7 Carbon Reuses for a Sustainable Future 208 7.1 Introduction 208 7.2 CO[sub(2)] Reuse as Fuel 210 7.3 Carbon Reuse as Plastics 216 7.4 CO[sub(2)] Reuse towards Low Carbon Economy 220 7.5 Conclusions 224 7.6 References 224 Chapter 8 Carbon Dioxide Capture Technology for the Coal-Powered Electricity Industry 230 8.1 Introduction 230 8.2 CO[sub(2)] Capture Technologies 231 8.3 Principles of Sorption-Based CO[sub(2)] Capture Technologies 240 8.4 Major Issues and Future Perspectives 244 8.5 Conclusions 246 8.6 References 246 Chapter 9 CO[sub(2)] Scrubbing Processes and Applications 252 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Process Overview 252 9.3 Advantage and Disadvantage 254 9.4 CO[sub(2)] Scrubbing Materials 255 9.5 Current Status of CO[sub(2)] Scrubbing Technology 268 9.6 Future Perspectives 278 9.7 Conclusions 279 9.8 References 280 Chapter 10 Carbon Sequestration via Mineral Carbonation: Overview and Assessment 294 10.1 Introduction 294 10.2 Choice of Minerals 297 10.3 Process Thermodynamics 300 10.4 Pre-Treatment 300 10.5 Carbonation Processes 301 10.6 Techno-Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Mineral Carbonation 308 10.7 Benefits of CO[sub(2)] Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation 309 10.8 Future Research Directions 310 10.9 References 311 Chapter 11 Carbon Burial and Enhanced Soil Carbon Trapping 316 11.1 Introduction 316 11.2 Carbon Burial 317 11.3 Enhanced Soil Carbon Trapping 332 11.4 Conclusions 341 11.5 Acknowledgements 342 11.6 Abbreviations 342 11.7 References 342 Chapter 12 Algae-Based Carbon Capture and Sequestrations 352 12.1 Introduction 352 12.2 Principle and Carbon Cycle 353 12.3 Effects of Major Factors 355 12.4 Applications 363 12.5 Economic Analysis 369 12.6 Limitation and Future Perspectives 370 12.7 Summary 372 12.8 Acknowledgements 372 12.9 References 372 Chapter 13 Carbon Immobilization by Enhanced Photosynthesis of Plants 382 13.1 Introduction 382 13.2 Deforestation and Reforestation 383 13.3 Genetic Engineering to Increase C4 Plants 391 13.4 Future Trends and Perspectives 401 13.5 Summary 402 13.6 Acknowledgements 403 13.7 References 403 Chapter 14 Enzymatic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide 414 14.1 Introduction 414 14.2 Carbonic Anhydrase Catalytic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 414 14.3 Other Enzyme Catalytic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 423 14.4 Technical Limitations and Future Perspective 425 14.5 Summary 426 14.6 Acknowledgements 427 14.7 Abbreviations 427 14.8 References 427 Chapter 15 Biochar 434 15.1 Introduction 434 15.2 Role of Biochar for CCS 435 15.3 Biochar Technology 436 15.4 Biochar for Development of Sustainable Society 448 15.5 Biochar Sustainability 454 15.6 Concerns and Future Perspectives 456 15.7 Summary 459 15.8 Acknowledgements 460 15.9 Abbreviations 460 15.10 References 461 Chapter 16 Enhanced Carbon Sequestration in Oceans: Principles, Strategies, Impacts, and Future Perspectives 468 16.1 Background of CO[sub(2)] Sequestration in Oceans 468 16.2 Major Strategies for Ocean Sequestration of CO[sub(2)] 471 16.3 Ocean Nourishment 475 16.4 Impact of Ocean Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide 478 16.5 Future Perspectives 479 16.6 Summary 480 16.7 Acknowledgements 480 16.8 Abbreviations 480 16.9 References 481 Chapter 17 Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis of Transport and Geological Sequestration of CO[sub(2)] 488 17.1 Introduction 488 17.2 Modeling CO[sub(2)] Transport to Sequestration Site 489 17.3 CO[sub(2)] Storage Capacity and Injectivity 492 17.4 Modeling of Sink Performance 495 17.5 Leakage Potential and Its Mitigation for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Saline Aquifer 500 17.6 Conclusion 505 17.7 References 507 Chapter 18 Carbon Capture and Storage: Major Issues, Challenges, and the Path Forward 512 18.1 Introduction 512 18.2 Cost and Economics Issues 513 18.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues 517 18.4 Social Acceptability Issues 524 18.5 Technical Issues: Uncertainty and Scalability 526 18.6 Conclusion 528 18.7 References 529 Index 532 A 532 B 532 C 533 D 537 E 537 F 538 G 538 H 539 I 539 K 540 L 540 M 540 N 541 O 541 P 541 R 542 S 542 T 543 U 544 W 544 Z 544 Editor Biographies 546 Sponsored by the Carbon Capture and Storage Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of EWRI Carbon Capture and Storage: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Methods presents comprehensive information on the principles of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Among the various climate change mitigation strategies currently being explored, CCS technology allows for the continuous use of fossil fuels and provides time to make a changeover to other energy sources in a systematic way. Many factors decide CCS applicability worldwide, such as technical development, overall potential, flow and shift of the technology to developing countries and their capability to apply the technology, regulatory aspects, environmental concerns, public perception, and costs. This book provides in-depth information on the principles of CCS technology, different environmental applications, recent advances, critical analysis of new CCS methods and processes, and directions toward future research and development of CCS technology. Topics include:carbon dioxide sequestration and leakage; monitoring, verification, and accounting of carbon dioxide in different settings; carbon reuses for a sustainable future; applications of CCS for the coal-powered electricity industry; carbon dioxide scrubbing processes and applications; carbon sequestration via mineral carbonation; carbon burial and enhanced soil carbon trapping; algae-based carbon capture; carbon immobilization enhanced by photosynthesis; enzymatic sequestration and biochar technology for CCS; carbon sequestration in the ocean; and modeling of carbon dioxide storage in deep geological formations. Engineers, scientists, students, government officers, process managers, and practicing professionals will find this book an essential reference on carbon capture and sequestration technology. "Carbon Capture and Storage presents comprehensive information on the principles of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Among the various climate change mitigation strategies currently being explored, CCS technology allows for the continuous use of fossil fuels and provides time to make a changeover to other energy sources in a systematic way ... Engineers, scientists, students, government officers, process managers, and practicing professionals will find this book an essential reference on carbon capture and sequestration technology."--Provided by publisher This title contains 18 invited chapters that provide in-depth information on the principles of carbon capture and storage technology and recent advances and future research and development in the CCS technology field.