Caraway: The Genus Carum (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

Caraway, the seventh volume in the series Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles, collects together all of the existing information in connection with the biology, chemistry, agrotechnology and utilization of the plant genus Carum. After an overview on all Carum species, it deals mainly with th most important species Carum carvi L. The scientific and economic significance of the genus as well as forthcoming results and future perspectives are discussed. Authors from a number of countries give information about valuable traditions as well as the most up-to-date research results. Physiological, genetic and agrotechnological specialities of annual and biennial types of caraway are discussed seperately. The book provides an overview of the anatomical structure of the most important organs of the plant, and its chemical constituents. it also discusses production practices including post harvest techniques, quality requirements and utilization of the plant's products in pharmacology, and the alimentary and cosmetics industries. The broad scope of presentations illustrated with numerous tables and figures offers excellent material for scientists, teachers and students who are interested in medicinal and aromatic plants. Cover......Page 1 Front Matter......Page 2 ISBN 9789057023958......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 8 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 12 REFERENCES......Page 16 SECTION I: BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY......Page 19 2.1.1. Relationships at the Order Level......Page 20 2.2.1. Morphology and Anatomy of the Umbelliferae......Page 21 2.2.2. Taxonomy of the Umbelliferae......Page 22 2.2.2.2. Subfamilies in the Umbelliferae......Page 23 2.2.2.3. Distribution of the Genera of the Umbelliferae......Page 24 2.3.2. Species......Page 25 2.3.3.1. Morphology......Page 26 2.3.3.2.1. Vegetative organs......Page 29 2.3.3.2.2. Generative organs......Page 33 REFERENCES......Page 43 3.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 46 3.2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARAWAY RAW MATERIAL......Page 47 3.3.1. Saccharides of Carum carvi......Page 48 3.3.2. Lipids of Carum carvi Seeds......Page 49 3.3.3. Amino Acids and Peptides of Carum......Page 51 3.3.4. Abscisic Acid in Carum......Page 52 3.4.1. Terpenes of Carum carvi Essential Oil......Page 53 3.4.2. Flavonoids of Carum......Page 57 3.4.3. Coumarins of Carum......Page 58 3.4.4. Phenolic Compounds......Page 59 3.4.5. Elemental Composition of Carum......Page 62 REFERENCES......Page 64 4.1. BACKGROUND......Page 66 4.2.1. Effect of Light Intensity......Page 67 4.2.1. Effect of Light Quality......Page 68 4.2.2. The Effect of Daily Light Period......Page 70 4.3. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE......Page 72 REFERENCES......Page 75 5.2. FACTORS IN FLOWER INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 80 5.2.1.1. Rootstock Diameter......Page 81 5.2.1.2. Vegetation Length......Page 82 5.2.2.1. Temperature......Page 84 5.2.2.2. Illumination......Page 86 5.3. GENETIC DETERMINATION OF INDUCTION REQUIREMENT......Page 87 REFERENCES......Page 90 6.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 94 6.2.1. Difficulties when Calculating the Essential Oil Content......Page 95 6.3. FACTORS AFFECTING CARAWAY SEED ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT......Page 98 6.3.1. Agricultural Practices......Page 99 6.3.1.1. Variety......Page 100 6.3.1.3. Plant Density......Page 101 6.3.2.1. Temperature and Wind......Page 102 6.3.2.2. Light Intensity......Page 104 6.3.3. Conclusions......Page 105 6.4.2. Changes in Enzyme Activities......Page 106 6.4.3. Conclusions......Page 107 6.5. CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT......Page 108 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 109 REFERENCES......Page 110 SECTION II: BREEDING AND CULTIVATION......Page 115 7.1.2. History of Production......Page 116 7.2.1. Flowering and Pollination, and Inheritance of Flowering Induction......Page 117 7.2.2. Ecological and Agrotechnical Aspects......Page 118 7.2.4. Fruit and Essential Oil......Page 122 7.3.1. Zijlstra, “Zaadhoudende karwij” and Botanical Research......Page 123 7.3.2. Non-shattering “Bleija” and its Autotetraploid......Page 126 7.3.3.1. RDMO......Page 128 7.3.3.3. Spring Caraway......Page 131 7.3.3.4. Autumn-sown Winter Caraway......Page 132 7.3.3.5. The Tetraploid Population SVP 4X......Page 133 7.3.3.6. Germplasm collected in The Netherlands and SE Germany......Page 134 7.4.1. Annual Effects......Page 135 7.4.3. A Note on 1000-s Volume and the Volume of the Vittae......Page 136 7.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 138 8.2. SOIL REQUIREMENTS, SEQUENCE IN CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION......Page 140 8.3. SOIL PREPARATION, SETTING UP OF A PLANTATION......Page 144 8.4. MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF PLANTATION......Page 146 8.5. HARVESTING, DRYING, STORAGE......Page 147 8.6. PESTS, DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL......Page 148 REFERENCES......Page 150 9.2. VARIETIES AND SELECTION......Page 152 9.3.1. Germination Characteristics......Page 153 9.3.2. Sowing and Spacing......Page 154 9.3.3. Growth Regulators......Page 155 9.3.4. Fertilization......Page 156 9.3.5. Irrigation......Page 157 9.3.7. Physiology and Yield......Page 158 REFERENCES......Page 160 SECTION III: UTILIZATION......Page 164 10.1.1. Description of the Taste......Page 166 10.2.1. Market Requirements......Page 167 10.3. PACKAGING......Page 168 10.4.2. The Use in Seasonings......Page 169 10.5. THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF CARAWAY......Page 170 10.5.3. Antioxidative Effects of the Oil and Oleoresins......Page 171 10.7. THE USE OF CARAWAY ROOTS AS VEGETABLE......Page 172 REFERENCES......Page 173 11.1. HISTORY OF USING CARAWAY AS A REMEDY......Page 176 11.3.2. Effects......Page 177 11.3.3. Indications......Page 178 11.3.4. Mode of Administration and Dose......Page 179 11.3.5. Ready-Made Compositions and Preparations......Page 180 11.4.1. Toxicity of Caraway towards Man......Page 181 11.4.2. Toxicity of Caraway towards Bacteria, Fungi, Mites and Insects and its Advantages for People......Page 182 REFERENCES......Page 183 12.1.1. Crop Protection......Page 186 12.2.1. Storage Conditions......Page 187 12.2.3. Natural Sprout Inhibitors......Page 189 12.3.1. Sprout Suppression of Ware Potatoes during Long Term Storage......Page 190 12.3.2.1. S-carvone Residue Levels......Page 192 12.3.2.2. Processing Quality and Sensory Analyses......Page 193 12.4.1. Sprout Growth Regulation of Seed Potatoes during Long Term Storage......Page 194 12.4.2.2. Tuber Yield......Page 195 12.5.1. Bioconversion of S-carvone......Page 196 12.5.2. S-carvone Interferes with the Mevalonate Pathway......Page 197 12.5.3. Interference of S-carvone with the Potato Wound Healing Process......Page 198 12.6.1. Mechanism of Antifungal Action of S-carvone......Page 199 12.6.2. Inhibitory Action of S-carvone towards Plant Pathogenic Fungi......Page 201 12.6.3. S-carvone as Postharvest Crop Protecting Agent......Page 202 12.7. FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 203 REFERENCES......Page 204 "Caraway, collects together all of the existing information in connection with the biology, chemistry, agrotechnology and utilization of the plant genus Carum. After an overview on all Carum species, it deals mainly with the most important species Carum carvi L. The scientific and economic significance of the genus as well as forthcoming results and future perspectives are discussed." "The broad scope of presentations illustrated with numerous tables and figures offers excellent material for scientists, teachers and students who are interested in medicinal and aromatic plants."--BOOK JACKET Before discussing the taxonomy of the genus Carum, it is important to give an overview on the situation of the genus in the hierarchy of higher taxa.