Cancer Hazards: Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos and Glyphosate: The 2015 IARC Classifications: Implications for Regulation, ... Environmental Studies and Sciences Series)

This book focuses on a monograph published in 2017 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), discussing its carcinogen hazard classification of four pesticides: parathion, malathion, diazinon, and tetrachlorvinphos as well as the herbicide glyphosate. The monograph provided a detailed discussion of considerations and conclusions made by a group of experts who met in 2015 to evaluate these compounds. Although not universally true, many of these substances, from the time of their commercial introduction to their present-day use, have spread significantly in the environment, affecting animals and plants in the larger ecosystem, the overall health of the environment, and human health. This book develops each of these issues before turning to the IARC review process, both the general process and its evolution over time, and compound selection criteria and deliberations regarding the substances discussed in the 2017 monograph. Final book sections detail scientific and private sector reactions to and implications of the IARC classifications. Hazard identification is contrasted with various models of quantitative risk assessment. The last chapters highlight the importance of hazard identification for members of domestic and global underserved communities involved in farming and landscape work, where exposures may vary widely, are not well-regulated, and where health outcomes are often not carefully documented. Acknowledgments Introduction Contents Part I Overview of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos and Glyphosate 1 Discovery and Commercial Introduction and Mode of Action of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 1.1 Discovery and Commercial Introduction of Organic Phosphate Pesticides: Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, and Tetrachlorvinphos 1.1.1 Discovery and Commercial Development of Organophosphate Pesticides 1.1.2 Basic Principle of Organic Phosphate Toxicity 1.2 Discovery and Commercial Introduction of Glyphosate 1.2.1 Discovery and Commercial Development of Glyphosate 1.2.2 Basic Principle of Glyphosate Toxicity 1.3 Purpose of Use and Toxicity for Target Species and Humans References 2 Use: Growth in Use, Present-Day Volume, and Projected Use of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 2.1 Growth in Use, Present-Day Volume, and Projected Use of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 2.1.1 Parathion 2.1.2 Malathion 2.1.3 Diazinon 2.1.4 Tetrachlorvinphos 2.1.5 Glyphosate References 3 Environmental Presence of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 3.1 Properties of Organic Phosphate Pesticides Influencing Environmental Distribution 3.1.1 Parathion 3.1.2 Malathion 3.1.3 Diazinon 3.1.4 Tetrachlorvinphos 3.1.5 Glyphosate References 4 Toxicology of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 4.1 General Considerations Regarding Acute Pesticide Toxicology of Organophosphates 4.2 Toxicology and Toxicokinetics of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, and Tetrachlorvinphos 4.2.1 Parathion 4.2.2 Malathion 4.2.3 Diazinon 4.2.4 Tetrachlorvinphos 4.3 Glyphosate 4.3.1 Toxicology and Toxicokinetics of Glyphosate References 5 Toxic Effects of Pesticides or Herbicide on the Environment and Environmental Species: Wildlife, Including Insects, Aquatic Animals, and Plants 5.1 Organophosphate Pesticides 5.1.1 Overall Considerations 5.2 Glyphosate 5.2.1 Overall Considerations References 6 Chronic Health Effects of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate 6.1 Effects of Organophosphates 6.2 Effects of Glyphosate References Part II The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Review Process 7 Overview of IARC 7.1 Overview of IARC Activities 7.2 The Process of Monograph Development 7.2.1 Selection 7.2.2 Evaluation 7.2.3 Classification 7.2.4 Scope 7.3 Evolution of the Monograph Development Process 7.3.1 Initial Establishment of the Monograph Series 7.3.2 Evolution of the Classification Criteria 7.3.3 Criteria Used in Selection for Review 7.4 Criticisms of the Review Process 7.4.1 Recent Criticisms 7.4.2 Responses to Criticisms 7.5 IARC’s Relationship with Other Agencies References 8 Development of IARC Monograph 112: Assessment Process, Review Panel Decisions, and Basis for Final Panel Decisions 8.1 Selection, Exposure Assessment, and Evaluation Techniques 8.1.1 Selection 8.1.2 Exposure Assessment 8.1.3 Genotoxic Evaluation 8.2 Evaluations of Individual Pesticides 8.2.1 Malathion 8.2.2 Parathion 8.2.3 Diazinon 8.2.4 Tetrachlorvinphos 8.2.5 Glyphosate References Part III Implications of and Responses to IARC’s Classification of Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, Tetrachlorvinphos and Glyphosate 9 Hazard Identification: Its Relationship to Risk Assessment, Risk Perception, and Regulation 9.1 Regulatory Frameworks Affecting Use and Ban of Pesticide and Herbicide Use 9.1.1 Overview of Regulatory Issues for Substances Considered by IARC in 2015 as Probable Carcinogens References 10 Response to the IARC 2017 Monograph from the Scientific Community, the Lay Press, the Legal Sector, and the Commercial Sector 10.1 Debates Within the Scientific Community 10.1.1 General Issues 10.1.2 Organophosphates 10.1.3 Glyphosate References Part IV Environmental Justice Issues: Domestically and Globally 11 Domestic Environmental Justice Considerations 11.1 Evolution of Steps Intended to Address Environmental Justice 11.2 Specific Challenges Farm, Nursery, and Landscape Workers 11.3 Regulatory and Other Protections for Agricultural/Nursery Workers References 12 The Global Importance of the IARC Hazard Identification 12.1 Overview 12.2 Global Production and Movement of Agricultural Produce, Plants, and Flowers 12.2.1 Production and Global Movement of Agricultural Produce 12.2.2 Production and Global Movement of Agricultural Fibers 12.2.3 Production and Global Movement of Plants and Flowers 12.3 Global Challenges to Human Health 12.3.1 Availability of Pesticides Banned or Restricted in Developed Countries 12.3.2 Level of Education and Literacy 12.3.3 Procurement and Handling of Pesticides and Herbicides 12.3.4 Growth of Insect Vectors and Vector Control 12.4 Global Data on Chronic Conditions Related to Pesticide and Herbicide Exposure 12.5 Re-Examining Pesticides and Herbicides: The Importance of IARC and WHO References Index