Cadmium Toxicity: New Aspects in Human Disease, Rice Contamination, and Cytotoxicity (Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine)

This volume focuses on cadmium (Cd) exposure, its effects on human health, the mechanism of Cd accumulation and the development of mitigation technologies. Further, it discusses clinical, epidemiological, agricultural, toxicological, and biochemical aspects of Cd pollution and presents recent biochemical studies on molecular mechanisms of Cd cytotoxicity and cellular transport as well as the mechanism of Cd-induced disturbances in phosphorus (P) metabolism. It also provides insights into the pathophysiology of __itai-itai__ disease, a serious condition caused by Cd pollution. Cadmium -New Aspects in Human Disease, Rice Contamination, and Cytotoxicity- is a valuable resource for scientists involved in heavy metal toxicology, botanical sciences, and regulatory sciences. Addressing the features of Cd pollution in the past and in the present, as well as future perspectives, this is a must-have book for students, researchers and practitioners interested in global and local metal pollution. Preface 6 Contents 8 Part I: Overview 10 Chapter 1: Historical Lessons on Cadmium Environmental Pollution Problems in Japan and Current Cadmium Exposure Situation 11 1.1 Historical Lessons from the Cadmium Environmental Pollution Problems in Japan 12 1.1.1 Introduction 12 1.1.2 Discovery of Cd Environmental Pollution: Dr. Kinichi Yoshioka’s Performance Re-evaluation 14 1.1.3 Background Information and Significance of Environmental Administration that Led to the Formulation of the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s Opinion: Retrospection from the Viewpoint of Regulatory Science 15 1.1.4 Trends and Issues Related to Cd Research in Japan 16 1.1.4.1 Regarding “Cadmium Studies in Japan—A Review” [14] 17 1.1.4.2 Regarding “Interim Summary Report on Studies of Health Effects of Cadmium” [15] and “Cd Environmental Pollution Regional Resident Health Survey” Report [15] 17 1.2 Current Situation of Japanese People’s Exposure to Cd 20 References 25 Part II: Health Effects of Cadmium in Human Populations and its Relation to Cadmium Exposure Levels 28 Chapter 2: Recent Clinical and Epidemiological Studies of Itai-Itai Disease (Cadmium-Induced Renal Tubular Osteomalacia) and Cadmium Nephropathy in the Jinzu River Basin in Toyama Prefecture, Japan 29 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 History and the Recent Social Situation of Itai-Itai Disease and Cd Nephropathy 30 2.3 Epidemiology of Itai-Itai Disease and Cd Nephropathy 32 2.4 The Mechanism of Cd Nephrotoxicity 34 2.5 Pathophysiology of Cd Nephropathy 35 2.6 Long-Term Clinical Course and Prognosis in Cd Nephropathy 36 2.6.1 An 11-Year Follow-Up Study 36 2.6.2 A 27-Year Observational Study 36 2.7 FGF-23 in Cd Nephropathy and Patients with Itai-Itai Disease 39 2.8 Conclusions 41 References 42 Chapter 3: Novel Pathological Study of Cadmium Nephropathy of Itai-itai Disease 44 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Materials and Methods 46 3.3 Results 46 3.3.1 The General Pathological Findings in Itai-itai Disease 46 3.3.2 The Additional Study of Renal Tubular and/or Nephron Disorder 48 3.4 Discussion 53 References 55 Chapter 4: Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Residents Exposed to Cadmium in Kakehashi River Basin, Ishikawa, Japan 56 4.1 Outline of Cadmium Pollution in the Kakehashi River Basin 56 4.2 Health Survey of the Residents 57 4.3 Renal Effects 58 4.4 Follow-Up Studies 59 4.5 Bone Effects 59 4.6 Biological Half-Life of Urinary Cd 61 4.7 The Benchmark Dose (BMD) Method of U-Cd, Rice Cd Concentration, and Lifetime Cd Intake for Renal Effects 62 4.8 Conclusion 64 References 64 Chapter 5: Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Life Prognosis 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Cd Exposure and Mortality 68 5.2.1 Dietary Cd Intake and Mortality 68 5.2.2 Urinary Cd Levels and Mortality 70 5.2.3 Blood Cd Levels and Mortality 71 5.3 Cd-Induced Renal Tubular Dysfunction and Mortality 72 5.3.1 Renal Tubular Dysfunction Markers and Mortality in Japan 72 5.3.2 Itai-Itai Disease and Mortality 73 5.4 Summary and Conclusion 74 References 74 Chapter 6: Cadmium Exposure and Its Effects on the Health Status of Rice Farmers in Akita Prefecture 78 6.1 Introduction 78 6.2 An Outline of Cd-Polluted Areas in Akita Prefecture 79 6.3 Health Examinations Previously Conducted in Akita Prefecture 82 6.4 A Recent Study in Akita Prefecture 83 6.5 Current Situation in Cd-Polluted Areas in Akita Prefecture 84 6.6 Conclusion 85 References 86 Chapter 7: Dietary Cadmium Intake Among General Populations in Japan and East Asia 87 7.1 Introduction 88 7.2 Materials and Methods 89 7.3 Results 89 7.3.1 Observation in Japan 89 7.3.2 Observation in Korea 91 7.3.3 Observation in China 92 7.4 Discussion 94 7.5 Conclusion 98 References 98 Part III: Rice Contamination by Cadmium and its Remediation 102 Chapter 8: Regulations for Cadmium in Rice and Soil in Japan and Countermeasures to Reduce the Concentrations 103 8.1 Regulating Cd in Soil and Rice 103 8.2 Conventional Countermeasures to Alleviate Cd Contamination in Rice and Soil in Japan 105 8.2.1 Water Management 105 8.2.2 Soil Dressing 107 8.3 Countermeasures to Restore Paddy Soils Contaminated with Cd 107 8.3.1 Phytoremediation 107 8.3.2 Soil Flushing 110 References 112 Chapter 9: Molecular Mechanism of Cadmium Accumulation in Rice 115 9.1 Transporters Involved in Cd Uptake in Rice Roots 116 9.2 Vacuolar Sequestration of Cd in Roots 117 9.3 Root-to-Shoot Translocation of Cd 118 9.4 Distribution of Cd to Rice Grains 119 9.5 Further Prospects 120 References 121 Chapter 10: Mitigation Strategies for Cadmium and Arsenic in Rice 125 10.1 General 125 10.2 Water Management 126 10.3 Material Application 128 10.4 Low Cd Variety 131 10.5 Low As Variety 133 10.6 Dimethylarsinic Acid (DMA) 135 References 135 Chapter 11: Development of Low-Cadmium-Accumulating Rice 139 11.1 Introduction 140 11.2 Mutation and Screening for Low-Cd Rice Mutants 141 11.3 Field Performance 143 11.4 Genetic Mechanisms 145 11.5 DNA Marker-Assisted Breeding for New Low-Cd Cultivars 147 11.6 Important Notes for Kan1 Cultivation 148 References 148 Part IV: New Aspects in the Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity 151 Chapter 12: Novel Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Renal Cells 152 12.1 Introduction 152 12.2 Apoptosis-Related Cd Toxicity in Renal Cells 153 12.3 Cd Toxicity in Renal Cells via Autophagy 154 12.4 Damage to Renal Cell-Cell Adhesion by Cd 155 12.5 The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Related Pathway 157 12.6 Closing Remarks 158 References 159 Chapter 13: Roles of Metal Transporters in Cellular Cadmium Transport in Mammals 162 13.1 Introduction 162 13.2 Involvement of the Pathways for Other Elements in Cadmium Transport 164 13.2.1 Iron and Iron Transporters 164 13.2.2 Calcium and Calcium Channels 165 13.2.3 ZIP8 and ZIP14 as Cadmium, Manganese, and Zinc Transporters 166 13.3 Tissue-Specific Roles of Metal Transporters in the Transport of Cadmium 167 13.3.1 Intestinal Transport of Cadmium 167 13.3.2 Cd Transport in the Liver 169 13.3.3 Cd Transport in the Kidney 170 13.4 Conclusion 172 References 173 Chapter 14: Disturbance in Phosphorus Metabolism by Cadmium Exposure 178 14.1 Inorganic Phosphate Homeostasis and Phosphate Transporters (NaPi) 179 14.2 Regulation of Phosphate Metabolism by FGF23 179 14.3 FGF23 and Abnormal Phosphate Metabolism in CKD 180 14.4 Cadmium Absorption and Toxicity in the Human Body 180 14.5 Itai-itai Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Clinical Features 181 14.6 Cadmium Exposure and FGF23 182 14.7 Regulation of FGF23 Expression in Bone Cells by Cadmium 183 14.8 Cadmium Reduces FGF23 Processing via GalNAc-T3 in the Bone 183 14.9 Cadmium Induces Increased FGF23 Production by Inducing GalNAc-T3 Gene Transcription via AhR in Bone Cells 184 14.10 Conclusion 185 References 186 Front Matter ....Pages i-viii Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Historical Lessons on Cadmium Environmental Pollution Problems in Japan and Current Cadmium Exposure Situation (Keiko Aoshima, Hyogo Horiguchi)....Pages 3-19 Front Matter ....Pages 21-21 Recent Clinical and Epidemiological Studies of Itai-Itai Disease (Cadmium-Induced Renal Tubular Osteomalacia) and Cadmium Nephropathy in the Jinzu River Basin in Toyama Prefecture, Japan (Keiko Aoshima)....Pages 23-37 Novel Pathological Study of Cadmium Nephropathy of Itai-itai Disease (Johji Imura, Koichi Tsuneyama, Yoshihiko Ueda)....Pages 39-50 Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Residents Exposed to Cadmium in Kakehashi River Basin, Ishikawa, Japan (Kazuhiro Nogawa, Yasushi Suwazono, Teruhiko Kido)....Pages 51-61 Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Life Prognosis (Muneko Nishijo, Hideaki Nakagawa)....Pages 63-73 Cadmium Exposure and Its Effects on the Health Status of Rice Farmers in Akita Prefecture (Hyogo Horiguchi)....Pages 75-83 Dietary Cadmium Intake Among General Populations in Japan and East Asia (Masayuki Ikeda, Takao Watanabe, Haruo Nakatsuka, Shinichiro Shimbo, Chan-Seok Moon, Hyeran Yang et al.)....Pages 85-99 Front Matter ....Pages 101-101 Regulations for Cadmium in Rice and Soil in Japan and Countermeasures to Reduce the Concentrations (Tomoyuki Makino, Masaharu Murakami, Satoru Ishikawa, Tadashi Abe)....Pages 103-114 Molecular Mechanism of Cadmium Accumulation in Rice (Wenguang Wang, Naoki Yamaji, Jian Feng Ma)....Pages 115-124 Mitigation Strategies for Cadmium and Arsenic in Rice (Tomohito Arao)....Pages 125-138 Development of Low-Cadmium-Accumulating Rice (Satoru Ishikawa, Tadashi Abe, Masato Kuramata, Shimpei Hayashi)....Pages 139-150 Front Matter ....Pages 151-151 Novel Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Renal Cells (Jin-Yong Lee, Maki Tokumoto, Masahiko Satoh)....Pages 153-162 Roles of Metal Transporters in Cellular Cadmium Transport in Mammals (Seiichiro Himeno, Hitomi Fujishiro)....Pages 163-178 Disturbance in Phosphorus Metabolism by Cadmium Exposure (Shinsuke Kido, Ichiro Kaneko, Ken-ichi Miyamoto)....Pages 179-190 "This volume focuses on cadmium (Cd) exposure, its effects on human health, the mechanism of Cd accumulation and the development of mitigation technologies. Further, it discusses clinical, epidemiological, agricultural, toxicological, and biochemical aspects of Cd pollution and presents recent biochemical studies on molecular mechanisms of Cd cytotoxicity and cellular transport as well as the mechanism of Cd-induced disturbances in phosphorus (P) metabolism. It also provides insights into the pathophysiology of itai-itai disease, a serious condition caused by Cd pollution. Cadmium -New Aspects in Human Disease, Rice Contamination, and Cytotoxicity- is a valuable resource for scientists involved in heavy metal toxicology, botanical sciences, and regulatory sciences. Addressing the features of Cd pollution in the past and in the present, as well as future perspectives, this is a must-have book for students, researchers and practitioners interested in global and local metal pollution." -- Prové de l'editor