C++ Standard Library Quick Reference

This quick reference is a condensed guide to the essential data structures, algorithms, and functions provided by the C++ Standard Library. Used by millions of C++ programmers on a daily basis, the C++ Standard Library features core classes for strings, I/O streams, and various generic containers, as well as a comprehensive set of algorithms to manipulate them. In recent years, the C++11 and C++14 standards have added even more efficient container classes, a new powerful regular expression library, and a portable multithreading library featuring threads, mutexes, condition variables, and atomic variables. Needless to say, it is hard to know and remember all the possibilities, details, and intricacies of this vast and growing library. This handy reference guide is therefore indispensable to any C++ programmer. It offers a condensed, well-structured summary of all essential aspects of the C++ Standard Library. No page-long, repetitive examples or obscure, rarely used features. Instead, everything you need to know and watch out for in practice is outlined in a compact, to-the-point style, interspersed with practical tips and well-chosen, clarifying examples. The book does not explain the C++ language or syntax, but is accessible to anyone with basic C++ knowledge or programming experience. Even the most experienced C++ programmer though will learn a thing or two from it and find it a useful memory-aid. Among the topics covered are: What You Will Learn Gain the essentials that the C++ Standard Library has to offer Use containers to efficiently store and retrieve your data Use algorithms to inspect and manipulate your data See how lambda expressions allow for elegant use of algorithms Discover what the standard string class provides and how to use it Write localized applications Work with file and stream-based I/O Discover what smart pointers are and how to use them to prevent memory leaks Write safe and efficient multi-threaded code using the threading libraries Who This Book Is For All C++ programmers: irrespective of their proficiency with the language or the Standard Library, this book offers an indispensable reference and memory-aid. A secondary audience is developers who are new to C++, but not new to programming, and who want to learn more on the C++ Standard Library in a quick, condensed manner. Contents at a Glance Contents About the Authors About the Technical Reviewer Introduction Chapter 1: Numerics and Math Common Mathematical Functions Basic Functions Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Power Functions Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Error and Gamma Functions Integral Rounding of Floating-Point Numbers Floating-Point Manipulation Functions Classification and Comparison Functions Error Handling Fixed-Width Integer Types Arithmetic Type Properties Complex Numbers Compile-Time Rational Numbers Random Numbers Random Number Generators Pseudorandom Number Engines Engine Adaptors Predefined Engines Non-Deterministic Random Number Generator Seeding Random Number Distributions Uniform Distributions Bernoulli Distributions Normal Distributions Poisson Distributions Sampling Distributions Discrete Distribution Piecewise Constant Distribution Piecewise Linear Distribution Example Numeric Arrays std::slice std::gslice std::mask_array std::indirect_array Chapter 2: General Utilities Moving, Forwarding, Swapping Moving Forwarding Swapping Pairs and Tuples Pairs Tuples Relational Operators Smart Pointers Exclusive-Ownership Pointers std::unique_ptr std::auto_ptr Shared-Ownership Pointers std::shared_ptr std::weak_ptr Function Objects Reference Wrappers Predefined Functors Generic Function Wrappers Binding Function Arguments Functors for Class Members Initializer Lists Date and Time Utilities Durations Time Points Clocks C-style Date and Time Utilities C-Style File Utilities Type Utilities Runtime Type Identification , Type Traits Type Classification Type Properties Type Property Queries Type Comparisons Type Transformations Chapter 3: Containers Iterators Iterator Tags Non-Member Functions to Get Iterators Non-Member Operations on Iterators Sequential Containers std::vector Construction Iterators Accessing Elements Adding Elements Size and Capacity Removing Elements Remove-Erase Idiom std::vector Complexity std::deque Complexity std::array Complexity std::list and std::forward_list , Complexity List-Specific Algorithms Sequential Containers Reference Iterators Size and Capacity Access Modifiers Non-Member Functions std::bitset Complexity Reference Access Operations Container Adaptors std::queue std::priority_queue std::stack Example Reference Ordered Associative Containers std::map and std::multimap std::set and std::multiset Searching Order of Elements Complexity Reference Iterators Size Access and Lookup Modifiers Observers Non-Member Functions Unordered Associative Containers , Hash Map Template Type Parameters Hash Functions Complexity Reference Observers Bucket Interface Hash Policy Non-Member Functions Allocators Chapter 4: Algorithms Input and Output Iterators Algorithms Terminology General Guidelines Applying a Function on a Range Example Checking for the Presence of Elements Example Finding Elements Example Binary Search Example Subsequence Search Min/Max Sequence Comparison Copy, Move, Swap Generating Sequences Example Removing and Replacing Example Reversing and Rotating Example Partitioning Sorting Example Shuffling Example Operations on Sorted Ranges Permutation Heaps Numeric Algorithms Example Iterator Adaptors Chapter 5: Stream I/O Input and Output with Streams Helper Types std::ios_base I/O Manipulators , Example std::ios Error Handling std::ostream Example std::istream Example std::iostream String Streams Example File Streams Example operator< > for Custom Types Stream Iterators std::ostream_iterator std::istream_iterator Stream Buffers C-Style Output and Input std::printf() Family Example std::scanf() Family Example Chapter 6: Characters and Strings Strings Searching in Strings Modifying Strings Constructing Strings String Length Copying (Sub)Strings Comparing Strings String Conversions Character Classification , Character-Encoding Conversion , Localization Locale Names The Global Locale Basic std::locale Members Locale Facets Numeric Formatting Numeric Punctuation Formatting and Parsing of Numeric Values Monetary Formatting Monetary Punctuation Formatting and Parsing of Monetary Values Time and Date Formatting Character Classification, Transformation, and Conversion Character Classification and Transformation Character-Encoding Conversions String Ordering and Hashing Message Retrieval Combining and Customizing Locales Combining Facets Custom Facets C Locales Regular Expressions The ECMAScript Regular Expression Grammar Character Classes Greedy vs. Non-Greedy Quantification Regular Expression Objects Construction and Syntax Options Basic Member Functions Matching and Searching Patterns Match Results std::sub_match std::match_results Example Match Iterators Replacing Patterns Chapter 7: Concurrency Threads Launching a New Thread A Thread’s Lifetime Thread Identifiers Utility Functions Exceptions Futures Return Objects Providers Async Packaged Tasks Promises Exceptions Mutual Exclusion Mutexes and Locks Example Mutex Types Common Functionality Recursion Timeouts Sharing Ownership Lock Types std::lock_guard std::unique_lock std::shared_lock Locking Multiple Mutexes Exceptions Calling a Function Once Condition Variables Waiting for a Condition Notification Exceptions Synchronization Atomic Operations Atomic Variables Template Specializations and Typedefs Common Atomic Operations Atomic Operations for Integral and Pointer Types Synchronization Atomic Flags Nonmember Functions Fences Chapter 8: Diagnostics Assertions Exceptions , Exception Pointers Nested Exceptions System Errors std::error_category std::error_code std::error_condition C Error Numbers Failure Handling std::uncaught_exception() std::terminate() std::unexpected() Appendix A: Standard Library Headers Numerics and Math (Chapter 1) General Utilities (Chapter 2) Containers (Chapter 3) Algorithms (Chapter 4) Stream I/O (Chapter 5) Characters and Strings (Chapter 6) Concurrency (Chapter 7) Diagnostics (Chapter 8) The C Standard Library Index This quick reference is a condensed guide to the essential data structures, algorithms, and functions provided by the C Standard Library. Used by millions of C programmers on a daily basis, the C Standard Library features core classes for strings, I/O streams, and various generic containers, as well as a comprehensive set of algorithms to manipulate them. In recent years, the C 11 and C 14 standards have added even more efficient container classes, a new powerful regular expression library, and a portable multithreading library featuring threads, mutexes, condition variables, and atomic variables. Needless to say, it is hard to know and remember all the possibilities, details, and intricacies of this vast and growing library. This handy reference guide is therefore indispensable to any C programmer. It offers a condensed, well-structured summary of all essential aspects of the C Standard Library. No page-long, repetitive examples or obscure, rarely used features. Instead, everything you need to know and watch out for in practice is outlined in a compact, to-the-point style, interspersed with practical tips and well-chosen, clarifying examples. The book does not explain the C language or syntax, but is accessible to anyone with basic C knowledge or programming experience. Even the most experienced C programmer though will learn a thing or two from it and find it a useful memory-aid. Among the topics covered are: What You Will Learn Gain the essentials that the C Standard Library has to offer Use containers to efficiently store and retrieve your data Use algorithms to inspect and manipulate your data See how lambda expressions allow for elegant use of algorithms Discover what the standard string class provides and how to use it Write localized applications Work with file and stream-based I/O Discover what smart pointers are and how to use them to prevent memory leaks Write safe and efficient multi-threaded code using the threading libraries Who This Book Is For All C programmers: irrespective of their proficiency with the language or the Standard Library, this book offers an indispensable reference and memory-aid. A secondary audience is developers who are new to C , but not new to programming, and who want to learn more on the C Standard Library in a quick, condensed manner. This quick reference is a condensed reference guide to the essential data structures, algorithms, and functions provided by the C++ Standard Library. Used by millions of C++ programmers on a daily basis, the C++ Standard Library features core classes for strings, I/O streams, and various generic containers, as well as a comprehensive set of algorithms to manipulate them. In recent years, the C++11 and C++14 standards have added even more efficient container classes, a new powerful regular expression library, and a portable multithreading library featuring threads, mutexes, condition variables, and atomic variables. Needless to say, it is hard to know and remember all the possibilities, details, and intricacies of this vast and growing library. This handy reference guide is therefore indispensable to any C++ programmer. It offers a condensed, well-structured summary of all essential aspects of the C++ Standard Library. No page-long, repetitive examples or obscure, rarely used features. Instead, everything you need to know and watch out for in practice is outlined in a compact, to-the-point style, interspersed with practical tips and well-chosen, clarifying examples. The book does not explain the C++ language or syntax, but is accessible to anyone with basic C++ knowledge or programming experience. Even the most experienced C++ programmer though will learn a thing or two from it and find it a useful memory-aid. Among the topics covered are: The essentials that the C++ Standard Library has to offer How to use containers to efficiently store and retrieve your data How to use algorithms to inspect and manipulate your data How lambda expressions allow for elegant use of algorithms What the standard string class provides and how to use it How to write localized applications What functionality the library provides for file and stream-based I/O What smart pointers are and how to use them to prevent memory leaks How to write safe and efficient multi-threaded code using the C++11 threading libraries This book is a condensed reference guide to the essential data structures, algorithms, and functions provided by the C++ Standard Library. More specifically, you'll learn and have access to the following: ĺØ The essentials that the C++ Standard Library has to offer ĺØ How to use containers to efficiently store and retrieve your data ĺØ How to use algorithms to inspect and manipulate your data ĺØ How lambda expressions allow for elegant use of algorithms ĺØ What the standard string class provides and how to use it ĺØ What functionality the library provides for file and stream-based I/O ĺØ What smart pointers are and how to use them to prevent memory leaks ĺØ How to write safe and efficient multi-threaded code using the C++11 threading libraries Interspersed with practical tips and well-chosen, clarifying examples, this quick reference is a condensed guide to the essential data structures, algorithms, and functions provided by the C++ Standard Library. -- Edited summary from book