C++ for beginners: Your comprehensive step-by-step guide to learn everything about C++

C++ (pronounced "C plus plus") is a high-level general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM, so it is available on many platforms. C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights.C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes). Your comprehensive step-by-step guide to learn everything about C++ Introduction Chapter one basic concepts C++ type system Scope Header files Translation units and linkage main function and command-line arguments Program termination Lvalues and rvalues Temporary objects Alignment Trivial, standard-layout, and POD types what is Value types Type conversions and type safety Standard conversions Chapter II built-in types Built-in types Data type ranges nullptr nullptr bool false true __m64 __m128 __m128d __m128i __ptr32, __ptr64 Chapter III NUMERICAL LIMITS Numerical limits Integer limits Floating limits the fourth chapter Declarations and definitions Storage classes auto const constexpr extern Initializers Aliases and typedefs using declaration volatile decltype Attributes Chapter V Built-in operators, precedence, and association alignof operator __uuidof operator Additive operators: + and - Address-of operator: & Assignment operators Bitwise AND operator: & Bitwise exclusive OR operator: ^ Bitwise inclusive OR operator: | Cast operator: () Comma operator: , Conditional operator: ? : delete operator Equality operators: == and != Explicit type conversion operator: () Function call operator: () Indirection operator: * Left shift and right shift operators (>> and < Multiplicative operators and the modulus operator new operator One's complement operator: ~ Pointer-to-member operators: .* and ->* Postfix increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- Prefix increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- Relational operators: , = Scope resolution operator: :: sizeof operator Subscript operator: typeid operator in Unary plus and negation operators: + and - Expressions Chapter six Types of expressions Primary expressions Ellipsis and variadic templates Postfix expressions Expressions with unary operators Expressions with binary operators Constant expressions Semantics of expressions what is Casting seventh chapter Casting operators dynamic_cast operator bad_cast exception static_cast operator const_cast operator reinterpret_cast operator Chapter VIII Run-Time Type Information (RTTI) bad_typeid exception type_info class Statements Overview of C++ statements Labeled statements Expression statement Null statement Compound statements (Blocks) Chapter Nine Selection statements if-else statement __if_exists statement __if_not_exists statement switch statement Iteration statements while statement do-while statement for statement Range-based for statement Chapter Ten jump statements break statement continue statement return statement goto statement Transfers of control Namespaces Enumerations Unions Functions Functions with variable argument lists Function overloading Explicitly defaulted and deleted functions Argument-dependent name (Koenig) lookup on Default arguments Inline functions Chapter Eleven Operator overloading General rules for operator overloading Overloading unary operators Increment and decrement operator overloading Binary operators Assignment Function call Subscripting Member access Classes and structs what is class what struct Class member overview Member access control what is friend private protected public Brace initialization Object lifetime and resource management (RAII) Pimpl idiom for compile-time encapsulation Portability at ABI boundaries Chapter twelve Constructors Copy constructors and copy assignment operators Move constructors and move assignment operators Delegating constructors Destructors Overview of member functions virtual specifier override specifier