Business process management : blockchain and robotic process automation forum : BPM 2021 Blockchain and RPA Forum, Rome, Italy, September 6-10, 2021 : proceedings

This book constitutes the proceedings of the Blockchain and RPA Forum, held as part of the 19th International Conference on Business Process Management, BPM 2021, which took place during September 6-10, 2021, in Rome, Italy. The Blockchain Forum and the RPA Forum have in common that they are centered around an emerging and exciting technology. The blockchain is a sophisticated distributed ledger technology, while RPA software allows for mimicking human, repetitive actions. Each of these have the potential to fundamentally change how business processes are being orchestrated and executed in practice. The 8 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 14 submissions. Preface 6 Organization 8 Contents 10 Robotic Process Automation Forum 11 Humans, Processes and Robots: A Journey to Hyperautomation 12 1 Abstract 12 1.1 Framing RPA in BPM 12 1.2 The Era of Hyperautomation 14 References 15 A Framework of Cost Drivers for Robotic Process Automation Projects 16 Abstract 16 1 Introduction 16 2 Foundations for Cost Estimation in IT Automation Projects 17 2.1 Comparison of Cost in IT Automation Projects and RPA Projects 17 2.2 Dimensions of Measurement Metrics 18 3 Research Methodology 18 4 Cost Estimation in Robotic Process Automation Projects 20 4.1 Cost Drivers in RPA Projects 20 4.2 Systematization of Cost Estimation in RPA Projects 22 4.3 A Framework of Cost Estimation with Varying Project Scopes 24 5 Illustrative Use Case 26 6 Discussion 27 7 Conclusion and Outlook 28 References 29 Adding Decision Management to Robotic Process Automation 32 1 Introduction 32 2 Preliminaries 33 2.1 Decision Model and Notation 33 2.2 Robotic Process Automation 34 2.3 Decisions in RPA 35 3 Motivating Example 35 4 Integration Concepts 37 4.1 Design 37 4.2 Development 39 4.3 Deployment, Testing, and Operation 40 4.4 Generic Architecture 41 5 Evaluation 42 5.1 Proof of Concept Prototype 42 5.2 Limitations 43 6 Conclusion 44 References 45 AIRPA: An Architecture to Support the Execution and Maintenance of AI-Powered RPA Robots 47 1 Introduction 47 2 Context 49 3 Research Project 50 3.1 Initial Goals 50 3.2 Approach 50 3.3 Architecture 52 3.4 Achievements of Goals 53 4 Related Work 53 5 Results 55 6 Conclusions and Future Work 55 References 56 Blockchain Forum 58 An Empirical Evaluation of Smart Contract-Based Data Quality Assessment in Ethereum 59 1 Introduction 59 2 Background and Related Work 61 3 Data Quality Assessment Model 62 3.1 Data Quality Controls in Blockchains 62 3.2 Smart Contract-Based Data Quality Assessment 64 4 Two Scenarios for Data Quality Assessment 65 4.1 Scenario 1: Drugs Transportation 65 4.2 Scenario 2: Drugs Prescription 68 5 Evaluation of Data Quality Assessment Overhead 69 6 Conclusions 72 References 73 Blockchain as a Countermeasure Solution for Security Threats of Healthcare Applications 75 1 Introduction 75 2 Background 76 2.1 Blockchain 76 2.2 Research Method 77 2.3 Related Work 78 3 Security Risk Analysis of Healthcare Applications 79 3.1 Data Tampering 79 3.2 Data Theft 80 3.3 Medical Records Mishandling 81 3.4 Counterfeit Drugs (Fake Medicine) 82 3.5 Man in the Middle (MitM) Attack 82 4 Healthcare Security Ontology 83 5 Ontology Evaluation 87 6 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 89 References 90 Studying Bitcoin Privacy Attacks and Their Impact on Bitcoin-Based Identity Methods 93 1 Introduction 93 2 Background 94 2.1 Bitcoin 94 2.2 Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) 95 2.3 BTCR 96 3 Bitcoin Privacy Attacks 96 3.1 Research Method 96 3.2 Bitcoin Blockchain Heuristics 97 3.3 Side Channel Attacks 101 3.4 Flow Analysis 101 3.5 Auxiliary Information 102 4 BTCR Privacy Issues and Possible Countermeasures 104 4.1 Surveillance 104 4.2 Misattribution 104 4.3 Correlation 105 4.4 Identification 105 4.5 Secondary Use 106 4.6 Disclosure 106 5 Conclusion 107 References 107 Enhancing Blockchain-Based Processes with Decentralized Oracles 110 1 Introduction 110 2 Background 111 2.1 Blockchain: Definition and Applications 111 2.2 Blockchain Oracles 112 3 Motivating Use Case Scenario 114 4 Decentralized Oracles 115 4.1 Architecture Overview 116 4.2 Decentralized Pull-in Oracle 116 4.3 Decentralized Push-out Oracle 117 4.4 Decentralized Push-in Oracle 118 4.5 Decentralized Pull-out Oracle 118 5 Implementation 119 5.1 Prototype and Experimental Setting 119 5.2 Performance Tests 120 6 Opportunities and Challenges 123 7 Conclusion and Future Work 124 References 125 Methods for Decentralized Identities: Evaluation and Insights 127 1 Introduction 127 2 Background 128 3 Methodology 129 3.1 DID Method Selection 129 3.2 Evaluation Process 129 4 Evaluated DID Methods 130 4.1 did:btcr 130 4.2 did:sov 132 4.3 did:ethr 134 4.4 did:web 136 4.5 did:v1 137 4.6 did:peer 139 5 Discussion and Conclusion 140 References 142 Author Index 144