تپه‌های دفن در اروپا و ژاپن: دیدگاه‌های مقایسه‌ای و زمینه‌ای

Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan brings together specialists of the European Bronze and Iron Age and the Japanese Yayoi and Kofun periods for the first time to discuss burial mounds in a comparative context. The book aims to strengthen knowledge of Japanese archaeology in Europe and vice versa. The papers demonstrate many methodological and interpretive commonalities in the archaeology of burial mounds in Japan and Europe and provide a series of state-of-the-art case studies highlighting many different aspects of burial mound research in both regions. Topics addressed by both European and Japanese specialists include research histories, excavation methods, origins and development of graves with burial mounds, the relationship of burial mounds to settlements and landscape, and above all administrative power and ritual. Table of Contents Foreword Burial Mounds in Europe and An Introduction by Werner Steinhaus and Thomas Knopf Hallstatt Burial Mounds Then and Excavations and Changing Images in the History of Research by Nils Mller-Scheeel Excavating the Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Period of the Japanese A History of Research and Methods by Tatsuo NAKAKUBO Bronze Age Burial Mounds in Northern and Central Their Origins and the Development of Diversity in Time and Space by Frank Nikulka Emergence and Development of Burial Mounds in the Yayoi Period by Hisashi NOJIMA Princes, Chiefs or Big Men? Burial Mounds as Reflections of Social Structure in the Hallstatt Period by Wolfram Schier Social Stratification and the Formation of Mounded Tombs in the Kofun Period of Protohistoric Japan by Kenichi SASAKI Burial Mound/Landscape-Relations. Approaches Put forward by European Prehistoric Archaeology by Ariane Ballmer Mounded Tomb Building during the Kofun Location and Landscape by Akira SEIKE Burial Mounds and Settlements. Their Relations in the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tne-Period (6th4th century BC) by Ines Balzer The Relationship between Mounded Tombs, Settlements, and Residences in the Kofun Reflecting Social Changes? by Takehiko MATSUGI Aspects of Early Iron in Central Europe by Manfred K. H. Eggert Iron and its Relation to Mounded Tombs on the Japanese Islands by Hisashi NOJIMA The Development of Metalworking and the Formation of Political Power in the Japanese Archipelago by Takehiko MATSUGI Monuments for the Living and the Early Celtic Burial Mounds and Central Places of the Heuneburg Region by Dirk Krausse and Leif Hansen Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Monuments of Administration and Expressions of Power Relationships by Shinya FUKUNAGA Burial Mounds in Broader Perspective. Visibility, Ritual and Power by Chris Scarre An Introduction to the Yukinoyama Mounded Tomb by Naoya UEDA The Significance of the Nonaka Mounded Tomb by Joseph Ryan Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan brings together specialists of the European Bronze and Iron Age and the Japanese Yayoi and Kofun periods for the first time to discuss burial mounds in a comparative context. The book aims to strengthen knowledge of Japanese archaeology in Europe and vice versa. The papers demonstrate many methodological and interpretive commonalities in the archaeology of burial mounds in Japan and Europe and provide a series of state of the art case studies highlighting many different aspects of burial mound research in both regions. Topics addressed by both European and Japanese specialists include research histories, excavation methods, origins and development of graves with burial mounds, the relationship of burial mounds to settlements and landscape, and above all administrative power and ritual. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Contents Page 5 List of Figures 6 List of authors (in alphabetical order) 12 Foreword 16 Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan: An Introduction 17 Werner Steinhaus and Thomas Knopf 17 Hallstatt Burial Mounds Then and Now: 31 Excavations and Changing Images in the History of Research 31 Nils Müller-Scheeßel 31 Excavating the Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Period of the Japanese Archipelago: 47 A History of Research and Methods 47 Tatsuo NAKAKUBO 47 Bronze Age Burial Mounds in Northern and Central Europe: 63 Frank Nikulka 63 Their Origins and the Development of Diversity in Time and Space 63 Emergence and Development of Burial Mounds in the Yayoi Period 73 Hisashi NOJIMA 73 Princes, Chiefs or Big Men? 85 Burial Mounds as Reflections of Social Structure in the Hallstatt Period1 85 Wolfram Schier 85 Social Stratification and the Formation of Mounded Tombs 103 Ken’ichi SASAKI 103 in the Kofun Period of Protohistoric Japan 103 Burial Mound/Landscape-Relations. 116 Approaches Put forward by European Prehistoric Archaeology 116 Ariane Ballmer 116 Mounded Tomb Building during the Kofun Period: 126 Akira SEIKE 126 Location and Landscape 126 Burial Mounds and Settlements. 134 Ines Balzer 134 Their Relations in the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène-Period (6th–4th century BC) 134 The Relationship between Mounded Tombs, Settlements, and Residences in the Kofun Period: 153 Reflecting Social Changes? 153 Takehiko MATSUGI 153 Aspects of Early Iron in Central Europe 165 Manfred K. H. Eggert 165 Iron and its Relation to Mounded Tombs on the Japanese Islands 182 Hisashi NOJIMA 182 The Development of Metalworking and the Formation of Political Power 189 Takehiko MATSUGI 189 in the Japanese Archipelago 189 Monuments for the Living and the Dead: 198 Dirk Krausse and Leif Hansen 198 Early Celtic Burial Mounds and Central Places of the Heuneburg Region 198 Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Period: 211 Monuments of Administration and Expressions of Power Relationships 211 Shin’ya FUKUNAGA 211 Burial Mounds in Broader Perspective. 221 Chris Scarre 221 Visibility, Ritual and Power 221 An Introduction to the Yukinoyama Mounded Tomb 232 Naoya UEDA 232 The Significance of the Nonaka Mounded Tomb 237 Joseph Ryan 237 Figure 1. Japan map (political map) (Werner Steinhaus; DesignEXchange, license Nr. 10861983) 13 Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan: An Introduction 17 Figure 1. Daisen mounded tomb (Daisen kofun; Nintoku-tennō-ryō, also known as the grave of Emperor Nintoku), 486 m; mid/2nd half 5th century AD, Ōsaka prefecture (photo: Werner Steinhaus) 22 Hallstatt Burial Mounds Then and Now: 31 Excavations and Changing Images in the History of Research 31 Figure 1. Burial places of the Hallstatt period in Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria (black outline). The size of the points correlates with the number of burial mounds 32 Figure 2. Diameter and height of neighbouring burial mounds in meadow and arable land in Grabenstetten/Erkenbrechtsweiler, Baden-Wuerttemberg (data after Kurz 1998: 14 Figure 3) 32 Figure 3. Müllheim-Dattingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg. The burials are clearly centered around mounds completely vanished today (after Alt et al. 1995: 283 Figure 1) 33 Figure 4. Phasing of activities at burial places with graves dating to the Hallstatt period in Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria 34 Figure 5. Trenching (A) and sectioning (B), two excavation techniques already known in the 17th century (after Stemmermann 1934, XX Figure 29, after Joh. Dan. Major, Bevölkertes Cimbrien, 1692) 34 Figure 6. The tunnel system of O. Fraas in the ‘Kleinaspergle’ near Asperg, Baden-Wuerttemberg (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Foto: Hendrik Zwietasch, Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart) 35 Figure 8. Example of the illustrations in the splendid publication on the graves from Tannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg. Note the differences in scale between the excavation plan and the find drawings which are a clear indicator where the emphasis lay (after G 36 Figure 9. Burial places of special significance for the interpretation of Hallstatt burial customs in Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria. Not yet fully published places are marked as empty circles. The cemeteries discussed in the present paper are shown in re 37 Figure 10. Aerial image of the central chamber of the ‘Magdalenenberg’ near Villingen-Schwenningen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, during excavation (after Spindler 1980: plate 15b) 38 Figure 11. System of trenches for excavating the ‘Magdalenenberg’ near Villingen-Schwenningen, Baden-Wuerttemberg (after Spindler 1980: 128 Figure 4) 38 Figure 12. Excavation technique employed for the ‘Magdalenenberg’ near Villingen-Schwenningen, Baden-Wuerttemberg (after Spindler 1980: 130 Figure 5) 39 Figure 13. Kallmünz-Schirndorf, Bavaria. Excavation situation of burial mound 192 and its surrounding. Note the trolley tracks in the left half of the picture (after Stroh 2000: plate 78,2) 39 Figure 14. Kallmünz-Schirndorf, Bavaria. Complete plan (extracted from Stroh 1979; 1988; 2000a; 2000b) 40 Figure 15. Aerial image of the excavation of the ‘princely’ burial mound of Eberdingen-Hochdorf, Baden-Wuerttemberg (after Biel 1985b: 40 Figure 32) 40 Figure 16. Excavation situation of the central chamber of the ‘princely’ burial mound of Eberdingen-Hochdorf, Baden-Wurttemberg (after Stork 1985: 53 Figure 51) 41 Excavating the Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Period of the Japanese Archipelago: 47 A History of Research and Methods 47 Table 1. The development of Kofun period research and its social background (Tatsuo NAKAKUBO) 48 Figure 1. Gamō Kunpei and the Bunkyū Repairs (A, B: SHINOHARA 2005; C, D: TOIKE [ed.] 2005; E: Kunaichō shoryōbu 1999) 50 Figure 2. The order of keyhole-shaped tombs with round rear mound (the Keyhole Tomb Order; TSUDE 1991) 52 Figure 3. The excavation of the Samuraizuka mounded tombs by MITO Mitsukuni (after SHINBO 2008) 53 Figure 4. The Mozu-Furuichi mounded tomb group and imperial mausolea (A: Sakai-shi 2016; B, C: provided by the Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology; D: photo taken by Tatsuo NAKAKUBO; E: provided by KISHIMOTO Michiaki; F: photo taken by Tatsuo NAK 54 Figure 5. The number of annual excavations in Japan (after Bunkachō bunkazaibu kinenbutsuka 2016) 55 Figure 6. The academic excavation of the Nagaoyama mounded tomb (1) (FUKUNAGA, NAKAKUBO 2015) 57 Figure 7. The academic excavation of the Nagaoyama mounded tomb (2) (FUKUNAGA, NAKAKUBO 2015) 58 Figure 8. The rescue excavation of the Kurazuka mounded tomb (Ōsaka fu bunkazai chōsa kenkyū sentā 1998) 60 Bronze Age Burial Mounds in Northern and Central Europe: 63 Their Origins and the Development of Diversity in Time and Space 63 Figure 1. Early Bronze Age stone mound from Kivik, Bredaör (Sweden), drawing from 1760. © Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, Stockholm 64 Figure 2. Early Bronze Age tree trunk coffins from Trindhøj (Denmark), drawing by J. Kornerup 1861. © Nationalmuseets Kobenhavn, Denmark 65 Figure 3. Excavation scene of late Bronze Age burial mound from Seddin (Germany), photograph from 1899. © Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin, Germany 65 Figure 4. Late Neolithic wooden burial chamber from Nordhausen (Germany). © Thüringisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Weimar, Germany 66 Figure 5. Chronological system of the European Bronze Age. © Bérenger, D. / Chr. Grünewald (eds.), Westfalen in der Bronzezeit (Münster 2008) 67 Figure 6. Middle Bronze Age intra-group diversity in the Lüneburger Gruppe (Germany). © Landesmuseum Hannover, Germany 68 Figure 7. Late Bronze Age burial mounds with keyhole shaped ditches from Nordrheda-Ems, Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück (Germany). © LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen/R. Meyer 70 Emergence and Development of Burial Mounds in the Yayoi Period 73 Figure 1. Regions and geographic name (Hisashi NOJIMA) 74 Figure 2. Transition of the burial mounds in the Middle Yayoi period (Hisashi NOJIMA) 74 Figure 3. Burial mounds of the San’in region and surrounding areas in the Middle Yayoi period (NOJIMA 2015) 75 Figure 4. Satadao burial mound No. 3 (Hisashi NOJIMA) 77 Figure 5. The differences of the mound constructing technique (NOJIMA 2015) 78 Figure 6. Transition of the Satadani-Satadao burial mounds (Hisashi NOJIMA) 79 Figure 7. Change of the funeral rituals (Hisashi NOJIMA) 79 Figure 9. Wooden chamber of the Nishidani no.3 burial mound (WATANABE and SAKAMOTO 2015) 80 Figure 10. Transition of the burial mounds in the Yayoi period (Hisashi NOJIMA) 82 Princes, Chiefs or Big Men? 85 Burial Mounds as Reflections of Social Structure in the Hallstatt Period1 85 _Hlk509685352 84 Figure 1. ‘Opinion scape’ referring to the sociopolitical classification of Hallstatt society. The positions of various researchers are arranged according to their assessment of social stratification and stability (graphic: W. Schier) 87 Figure 2. The sociopolitical typologies of the American neo-evolutionist school of Cultural Anthropology. The arrows indicate the approximate correspondence of the four stages in each model (graphic W. Schier) 88 Figure 3. (a) Cultural Anthropology: societies of varying degree of stratification/vertical differentiation (A medium – B low – C high) observed in the ethnographical present are projected into an evolutionary sequence (b); (c) Prehistoric archaeology sta 89 Figure 4. (a) Gold torcs, bracelets, earrings and bowl made from sheet gold from princely grave at Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt (Rieckhoff/Biel 2001); (b) Sphinx made of bone with inlaid amber face, princely grave Grafenbühl (Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg) (W 91 Figure 5. Schematic model for the interplay of factors affecting the recognizability of social structure from the archaeological record (graphic: W. Schier) 93 Figure 6. (a) Stone statue, Hallstatt mound of Hirschlanden (Baden-Württemberg) (Welt der Kelten 2012: Figure 287); (b) Male from Yemen, wearing traditional costume and dagger (photo: W. Schier, 1987); (c) Stone statue, princely grave near Glauberg (Hes 94 Figure 8. Burial mound near to the hill-fort Glauberg (Hessen). The mound 1, containing a lavishly equipped male burial who seems to be depicted in a stone statue, formerly placed on top of the mound (Figure 6c), was surrounded by a circular ditch. A stra 96 _GoBack 103 Social Stratification and the Formation of Mounded Tombs 103 in the Kofun Period of Protohistoric Japan 103 Figure 1. Model of the social ranking system in the Early Kofun period 104 Figure 2. Wei Dynasty Chinese mirrors (FUKUNAGA 1996: Figure 67) 104 Figure 3. Model of the social ranking and stratification system in the Middle Kofun period 107 Figure 4. Oblong-chest-shaped stone coffin (nagamochigata sekkan) (Nara Kenritsu Kashihara Kōkogaku Kenkyūjo 1959: Plate 25) 108 Figure 5. Iron armor in the 5th century (SUENAGA 1934: adapted from Figure 7 on page 23) 108 Figure 6. Model of the social ranking and stratification system in the Late Kofun period 110 Figure 7. Corridor-style burial stone chamber with horizontal side entrance (Ōsaka furitsu Chikatsu Asuka hakubutsukan 2007; adapted from Figure 4, page 20) 111 Figure 8. Hierarchy as evidenced by grave goods (NIIRO 1983) 112 Figure 9. Horse trappings in the 6th century (Shimane kenritsu Yakumo Tatsu Fudoki no oka shiryōkan 1996; adapted from figure on page 39) 112 Burial Mound/Landscape-Relations. 116 Approaches Put forward by European Prehistoric Archaeology 116 Figure 1. Location of case studies mentioned in the above chapters: (1) Stonehenge (Wiltshire, England/UK); (2) Tatihou Island (Dept Manche, Normandy/FR); (3) Southern Jutland (DK); (4) Renkum (Gelderland/NL) 117 Figure 2. (a) Overview of barrows in the Stonehenge environs (Wiltshire, England/UK), the clustered ones (‘cemeteries’) being framed; (b) Stonehenge viewshed. A noticeable number of monuments (red dots) seems to be sited near the edges of the viewshed (sh 118 Figure 3. Farmsteads and field divisions at Tatihou island (Dept Manche, Normady/FR). A funerary area is attributed to every farmstead in a distance of 125m (farmstead 1) or 150m (farmstead 2) (after: Marcigny 2012) 119 Figure 4. (a) Barrow lines defined on the basis of all prehistoric mounds within the area of investigation in Southern Jutland (DK), and the distribution of Early Bronze Age sites relevant in the study; (b) Distribution of different types of gold artefact 120 Figure 5. Long alignment of barrows at Renkum (Gelderland/NL). At least 12 barrows of the Renkum alignment date in the Late Neolithic period. Assuming that all barrows were built within heath vegetation (as has been proven in four cases), it is likely tha 120 Mounded Tomb Building during the Kofun Period: 126 Location and Landscape 126 Figure 1. The Japanese archipelago and tectonic plate boundaries (Akira SEIKE) 126 Figure 2. The topography of the Okayama Plain and the distribution of Early Kofun-period tombs (Akira SEIKE) 127 Figure 3. The distribution of paramount kingly tombs in the Early Kofun period (Akira SEIKE) 128 Figure 4. The distribution of paramount kingly tombs in the Middle Kofun period (Akira SEIKE) 129 Figure 5. The route from the Korean peninsula to the Kinai region (Akira SEIKE; map license C. Funck) 130 Figure 6. The Zōzan mounded tomb and the San’yōdō (after Okayama-shi kyōiku iinkai 2014) 131 Figure 7. The location of kingly tombs built according to topomantic principles (Akira SEIKE) 132 Figure 8. Topomancy and the Kengoshizuka mounded tomb (after Asukamura kyōiku iinkai bunkazaika 2013) 132 Burial Mounds and Settlements. 134 Their Relations in the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène-Period (6th–4th century BC) 134 _Hlk509328870 134 Figure 1. Distribution of the so-called ‘princely seats’ in the Late Hallstatt period (second half of the 6th century BC; red marked). Orange marked are hilltop settlements, which gain importance in the Early La Tène period (map: K. Rothe, Kiel, with add 135 _Hlk509312259 136 _Hlk509328880 136 _Hlk509325877 136 Figure 3. Reconstruction of the burial of Kappel am Rhein (mound 3), around 620 BC (Ha D1); (M. Ober/RGZM, in: Dehn et al. 2005: 219, Figure 102) 136 Figure 4a. Reconstruction of the ‘princely grave’ of Eberdingen-Hochdorf, around 540 BC (Hallstatt D2). The deceased man was buried in a 4.7 x 4.7m wooden chamber protected by stone packing on a klinē. Next to the klinē was placed a bronze cauldron from G 137 Figure 4b. ‘Princely grave’ of Eberdingen-Hochdorf: the grave goods and the deceased were covered with cloth. (Illustration: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart/Banck-Burgess1999: 27, Figure 4) 137 Figure 5. View from the north to the south over the Breisacher Münsterberg; in the west the Rhine. (Photo: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart, O. Braasch) 138 Figure 6. The Breisacher Münsterberg and possible associated burial mounds and cemeteries outside the Rhine zone (map: D. Mischka) 138 Figure 7. Burial mounds in the vicinity of the Heuneburg (selection) (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege in RP Stuttgart / Krausse 2008: 438, Figure 3) 139 Figure 8. Vix/Mont Lassois: plan of the hilltop settlement, the fortifications, the burial mounds and the ‘sanctuary’; blue: Urnfield culture; red: Late Hallstatt period; green: Late La Tène period (after B. Chaume, in: Vix (Côte-d’Or), une résidence prin 140 Figure 10. Look into the Ha D3 burial chamber of the ‘Princess’ of Vix reconstructed in the Musée du Pays Châtillonnais / Trésor de Vix (Musée du Pays châtillonnais – Trésor de Vix/in: Vix (Côte-d’Or), une résidence princière au temps de la splendeur d‘At 141 Figure 9. Mont Lassois: Magnetogram of the ‘Mont Saint Marcel’. Emphasized are trenches (green) and buildings as well as pits (red) (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart (H. von der Osten-Woldenburg)/Die Welt der Kelten 2012: 133, Figure 149) 141 Figure 11. The Hohenasperg north of Stuttgart (photo: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart, O. Braasch) 142 Figure 12. ‘Princely graves’ in the vicinity of the Hohenasperg (graphic: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart: C. Nübold/I. Balzer) 142 Figure 13. Bourges: settlements (black dots and circles, red-colored spur), pits (yellow) and graves and cemeteries (cross and red circular and triangular signatures) (Milcent 2010: 416 Figure 1) 144 Figure 14. The Ipf near Bopfingen: digital terrain model. The multi-staggered fortification facility is clearly recognizable. The lowest fortification line includes a water source. (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart/Krause 2015: 81, Figure 50) 145 Figure 15. Plan with the two hilltop settlements Ipf and Goldberg as well as the burial mounds (red) and the so-called enclosed rectangular farmsteads or enclosures (Rechteckhöfe) (blue) situated in between. (Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im RP Stuttgart/Kr 145 Figure 16. Glauburg-Glauberg: burial mound 1 and surroundings (Keltenwelt am Glauberg/Baitinger and Herrmann 2014 with additions by I. Balzer) 146 Figure 17. Glauburg-Glauberg: graves 1 and 2 from burial mound 1 with mapping of textile analyzes (blue: dyestuff analyzes; green: fiber analyzes) as well as plan and grave from burial mound 2 (illustration, left: Keltenwelt am Glauberg: Balzer/Peek/Vande 146 Figure 18. Glauburg-Glauberg: Iron Age monuments (dark gray: ramparts; light gray: ditches) which are visible as well as the ones recognized by geophysics. The excavation zones (hatched areas) as well as field surveys (black dots) by the Institute for Pre 147 Figure 19. Plan of the Uetliberg (Zuerich) with the fortifications at the Uto-Kulm (5-7), Aegerten Terrace (3), Schwendenholz/Sunnenbuel (2) and the burial mound Sonnenbühl (1) (after Drack 1981: 2, with emphasized parts) 147 The Relationship between Mounded Tombs, Settlements, and Residences in the Kofun Period: 153 Reflecting Social Changes? 153 _Hlk509310981 149 Figure 1. The extent of the Kinki hegemony manifested in the distribution of keyhole-shaped mounded tombs (MATSUGI 1998) 153 Figure 2. The distribution of settlements across the okayama plain in central Kibi (MATSUGI 2010, partly changed) 154 Figure 3. The Hashihaka mounded tomb and the distribution of smaller copies at the beginning of the Kofun period (FUKUNAGA 2001, partly changed) 155 Figure 4. The temporal and spatial distribution of large mounded tombs in the Kinki region (based on SHIRAISHI 2013) 156 Figure 5. The Tatetsuki burial mound (KONDŌ 1992, KONDŌ 1997; partly changed) 157 Figure 6. Changes in the number of pit houses from each area of the Okayama plain during the Kofun period (MATSUGI 2010) 158 Figure 7. (a) Communal cemetery consisting of a crowded group of wooden coffins at the Arimoto site (OGŌ 1998); (b) Small mounded tombs holding up to several wooden coffins at the Arimoto site (OGŌ 1997) 159 Figure 8. A series of small mounded tombs (including keyhole-shaped tombs with square rear mound) (Nanatsuguro kofun gun hakkutsu chōsadan 1987; partly changed) 159 Figure 9. Three keyhole-shaped tombs with round rear mound and numerous series of smaller mounded tombs at lower elevations at Mount Miwa in Kibi (HIRAI 1982; partly changed) 160 Aspects of Early Iron in Central Europe 165 B. Central Europe (modified after Wikipedia; ©NorthNorthWest, CC BY-SA 3.0) 168 Figure 1. A. Central Europe (modified after Wikipedia; ©Olahus, CC BY-SA 3.0) 168 Figure 2. Conventional Central European Early Iron Age chronology (diagram by author) 168 Figure 4. Hallstatt C swords in southwest Germany, eastern France and northwest Switzerland according to Kurz 1997 and Gerdsen 1986 169 Figure 5. Hallstatt C swords in south and southwest Germany according to Müller-Scheeßel 2013 170 Figure 6. Hallstatt C swords in south and southwest Germany according to Gerdsen 1986 170 Figure 8A–C. Hallstatt C swords, horse gear, wagon or wagon parts and tumuli on the Franconian Jura (after Gerdsen 1986) 171 Figure 10A–C. Hallstatt C swords, horse gear, wagon or wagon parts and tumuli in eastern France (after Gerdsen 1986) 172 Figure 9A–C. Hallstatt C swords, horse gear, wagon or wagon parts and tumuli on the Swabian Jura (after Gerdsen 1986) 172 Figure 11A–C. Hallstatt C swords, horse gear, wagon or wagon parts and tumuli in Central Europe (after Gerdsen 1986) 173 Iron and its Relation to Mounded Tombs on the Japanese Islands 182 Figure 1. Short term dating and long term dating of the Yayoi period; from 10th century BC to 3rd century AD (NOJIMA 2014) 182 Figure 2. Spread of the imported cast ironware in the Yayoi period; from the last third of the Early Yayoi period to the middle third of the Middle Yayoi period (NOJIMA 2009a) 183 Figure 3. Elaborate luxury wooden ware from the Aoya-Kamijichi site, Tottori prefecture (CHAYA et al. 2009) 185 Figure 4. Spread of iron long swords in the Yayoi period on the Japanese islands (NOJIMA 2009a) 186 Figure 5. Iron single-edged long sword along coastline of the Sea of Japan (NOJIMA 2009a) 187 Figure 6. Relationships among the different sources of power in chiefly power strategies (Earle 1987) 187 The Development of Metalworking and the Formation of Political Power 189 in the Japanese Archipelago 189 Figure 1. Regional variation of ritual bronze objects (1st to 2nd centuries BC) (MATSUGI Takehiko 1998) 192 Figure 2. Distribution of the two major types of ritual bronze objects and burial mounds (2nd century AD) (Okayama kenritsu hakubutsukan 2011) 194 Figure 3. Distribution of single- and double-edged iron swords in the Late Yayoi and Final Yayoi to Initial Kofun periods (1st to early 3rd centuries AD) (Kokuritsu rekishi minzoku hakubutsukan 1996) 195 Figure 4. Distribution of keyhole-shaped mounded tombs with round and square rear mound in the Final Yayoi to the Initial Kofun periods (early 3rd century AD) (Okayama kenritsu hakubutsukan 2011) 195 Monuments for the Living and the Dead: 198 Early Celtic Burial Mounds and Central Places of the Heuneburg Region 198 Figure 1. Aerial photograph of the Heuneburg in winter with the Danube in the foreground (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; photo: O. Braasch) 198 Figure 2. Schematic sequence of the Hallstatt period structural phases on the hilltop plateau (after Kurz 2007) 199 Figure 4. Thanks to the excellent preservation conditions traces of a wooden bridge were visible beneath the northern tip of the plateau (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart) 200 Figure 5. Aerial view of the gatehouse. The cross walls reduced the width to 2.5 m (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; photo: O. Braasch) 201 Figure 6. Reconstruction of the gatehouse protecting the entrance to the lower town (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; graphic: Faber Courtial) 202 Figure 7. Following the destruction of the mudbrick wall buildings on the hilltop plateau were more loosely scattered and occupation in the lower town was denser (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; graphic: Faber Courtial) 203 Figure 8. The four monumental tumuli of Gießübel-Talhau were erected over the remains of the outer settlement (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; graphic: Faber Courtial) 204 Figure 10. Numerous Hallstatt period cemeteries are known within several kilometres of the Heuneburg (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; graphic: Ch. Steffen and I. Kretschmer) 205 Figure 12. Reconstruction of the wooden burial chamber of Grave 6 at Hohmichele (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; graphic: M. Steffen) 206 Figure 13. Gold fibulae and gold pendants from the girl’s grave of the Bettelbühl necropolis (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; photo: Y. Mühleis) 207 Figure 14. By frosty temperatures in December 2010 the 80 tonne ‘Keltenblock’ is recovered (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; photo: O. Braasch) 207 Figure 15. Strap earring with carefully decorated visible face and gold pendant (copyright LAD im RP Stuttgart; photo: Y. Mühleis) 208 Mounded Tombs of the Kofun Period: 211 Monuments of Administration and Expressions of Power Relationships 211 Figure 1. Regional symbols in the Late Yayoi period (FUKUNAGA 2005) 212 Figure 2. Chinese-made deity-and-beast mirrors of the 3rd century (after TOMIOKA 1920) 213 Figure 3. The size and shape of the Hashihaka mounded tomb (FUKUNAGA Shin’ya) 214 Figure 4. The earliest major keyhole-shaped mounded tombs of western Japan (FUKUNAGA 2005) 215 Figure 5. Regional hierarchies of the earliest keyhole-shaped mounded tombs of the Kofun period (FUKUNAGA Shin’ya) 216 Figure 6. The ratio of large and small bronze mirrors by prefecture (FUKUNAGA Shin’ya) 217 Burial Mounds in Broader Perspective. 221 Visibility, Ritual and Power 221 Figure 1. The mound as symbol: LiDAR image of the ‘Marching Bears’ group of effigy mounds at the Effigy Mounds National Monument in Iowa, USA (Image courtesy of US National Parks Service) 223 Figure 2. The mound in use: (above) Araucanian mound of Rehuekuel in southern Chile, within a hilltop enclosure of earth-sculpted rings: C14 dates place the foundation of the mound c. AD 1200 (Photo: Tom D. Dillehay); (below) the cosmology of the Araucani 224 Figure 3. The mound on high: Cairn F of the Carrowkeel cemetery of Neolithic passage tombs in western Ireland (photo: Stefan Bergh) 225 Figure 4. Mori-shōgunzuka mounded tomb (end of the 4th century AD); a reconstructed keyhole-shaped tomb with round rear mound, paving stones and haniwa, at Chikumachi, Nagano prefecture, Japan (photo: Werner Steinhaus) 227 An Introduction to the Yukinoyama Mounded Tomb 232 Figure 1. The location of the Yukinoyama mounded tomb (after Yukinoyama kofun hakkutsu chōsadan 1996: plate 2.1.) 232 Figure 2. The shape of the mounded tomb (after Yukinoyama kofun hakkutsu chōsadan 1996: 43, Figure 37) 232 Figure 3. The types of burial facilities of the Kofun period (Naoya UEDA) 233 Figure 4. The pit-style stone burial chamber (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 234 Figure 5. A diagram of the burial facility (Naoya UEDA) 234 Figure 6. A triangular-rimmed deity-and-beast mirror (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 234 Figure 7. Jasper/green-tuff objects (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 235 Figure 8. The iron helmet and leather quiver (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 235 Figure 9. Bronze arrowheads (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 236 The Significance of the Nonaka Mounded Tomb 237 Figure 1. The location of the Nonaka mounded tomb (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 237 Figure 2. The layout of the grave goods. Reconstruction of westernmost four wooden boxes represented in gray. Each cuirass is marked by a circled number (after KITANO 1976; Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 238 Figure 3. A selection of iron armor uncovered from the Nonaka tomb (Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 239 Figure 5. Line drawings of artifacts; left: visored iron helmets; right: gilt bronze helmet ornaments (after KITANO 1976; Ōsaka University Department of Archaeology) 240 burial mounds,Japan,Europe,comparative studies