احیای بودیسم و ادیان چینی در مالزی (مذهب و جامعه در آسیا)

Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia tells the story of how a minority community comes to grips with the challenges of modernity, history, globalization, and cultural assertion in an ever-changing Malaysia. It captures the religious connection, transformation, and tension within a complex traditional belief system in a multi-religious society. In particular, the book revolves around a discussion on the religious revitalization of Chinese Buddhism in modern Malaysia. This Buddhist revitalization movement is intertwined with various forces, such as colonialism, religious transnationalism, and global capitalism. Reformist Buddhists have helped to remake Malaysia’s urban-dwelling Chinese community and have provided an exit option in the Malay and Muslim majority nation state. As Malaysia modernizes, there have been increasing efforts by certain segments of the country’s ethnic Chinese Buddhist population to separate Buddhism from popular Chinese religions. Nevertheless, these reformist groups face counterforces from traditional Chinese religionists within the context of the cultural complexity of the Chinese belief system. Cover 1 Table of Contents 6 Abbreviations 10 List of Chinese Characters 12 Orthography 16 1. Introduction 18 The Origins of Buddhist Revitalization 22 Colonization and Modern Religion 23 Buddhist Modernism and Chinese Religions 25 The Flexible Chinese Attitude towards Religions 27 Buddhism in the Contestation of Religious Proselytizing in Malaysia 28 The Transnational Reconnection of Mahayana Buddhism 29 Fieldwork 32 Chapter Overviews 33 2. A Brief History of Buddhist Transnational Connections 36 Theravada Buddhist Communities in Malaya 37 Thai Buddhist Temples and Their Influence on Chinese Communities 37 Burmese Temples and Their Influence on Chinese Communities 39 Sinhalese Temples and Their Influence on Chinese Communities 39 Early Mahayana Buddhism in Malaya 41 Kek Lok Si (Temple of Paradise) 42 The Penang Buddhist Association (PBA) 44 Pan-Asian Phenomena of Buddhist Modernism 46 Reformed Buddhism: Thai Lineage 47 Buddhist Modernism: Sinhalese Lineage 51 Ren Sheng Fo Jiao (Buddhism for Human Life): Mahayana Lineage 58 Summary 65 3. Reforming Chinese Buddhism through the Zheng Xin (Right Faith) Movement 66 The Discourse of Zheng Xin 67 Zheng Xin in the Malaysian Chinese Buddhist Context 70 Defending Zheng Xin Buddhism in Malaysia 71 Conflict with the Unity Sect (Yi Guan Dao) 72 Buddhicizing the Hungry Ghost Festival 74 The Role of the MBA 79 Formalization of Taking Refuge Ceremony 79 The Malaysian Buddhist Institute 82 Malaysian Buddhist Examination Syndicate (MBES) 83 The Buddhist Youth Movement and Zheng Xin Buddhism 84 Venerable Sumangalo: The Father of the Malaysian Buddhist Youth Movement 85 The YBAM and Zheng Xin Buddhism 87 The YBAM Network’s Promotion of Zheng Xin Buddhism 90 Summary 93 4. New Transnational Connections with Taiwan 96 Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Merits Society 97 A Brief History of Tzu Chi in Taiwan 97 A Brief History of the Buddhist Tzu Chi Merits Society Malaysia 99 Tzu Chi and Malaysian Buddhism 100 Tzu Chi as a Humanitarian Corporation 100 Mobilization of Malaysian Chinese Buddhists in Volunteer Work 101 Charity Projects of Tzu Chi Malaysia 102 Recycling Project 105 Mass Participation 106 Shifting of Buddhist Cosmologies 107 Reinventing the Tradition of Self-Cultivation Practices 109 Tzu Chi’s Pragmatism 110 Laity Oriented 111 Fo Guang Shan 112 A Brief History of Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan 112 A Brief History of Fo Guang Shan Malaysia 113 Fo Guang Shan and Malaysian Buddhism 114 Fo Guang Shan and the Chinese Mass Media in Malaysia 114 Fo Guang Shan’s Vision of a Buddhist Popular Culture 116 Buddhist Education 117 Differences between Tzu Chi and Fo Guang Shan 119 Similarity of the Esthetics of Religious Space and Material 119 Esthetics of Fo Guang Shan Malaysia’s Temple 119 Function and Use of Jing Si Books & Cafe 120 Summary 122 5. Remaking Chinese Buddhists 124 Chinese Communities and Buddhism in Malaysia 124 The Emergence of Second-Generation Religious Leaders: A Case of Venerable Chi Chern 126 Chi Chern and Yinshun 127 Chi Chern and Meditation Camps 128 Chi Chern’s Publications 130 The Puzhao Buddhist Vihara Controversy 131 Cultural Reformation in Chinese Communities 135 Chi Chern’s Vision for the Malaysian Chinese Communities and Buddhism 137 Political Engagement of the Buddhist Community 138 The Experience of Fo Guang Shan’s Celebration: Chinese New Year Lantern and Floral Festival 139 Tzu Chi’s Chinese New Year Relief 141 The Declining Role of Chinese Associations 142 Transethnic Solidarities 143 Exit Option Revisited 147 Summary 149 6. Counterforces of Buddhist Revitalization 152 Dreams about My Father 152 Case 2: A Battle between Traditional Chinese Religion and Buddhism at Kampung Baru Jenjarom 155 Case 3: The Urban Miracle of the Talking Buddha Statues 158 Multiple Counterforces to Buddhist Revitalization 160 Counterforces within Chinese Buddhism 163 The Relaxation of Political Correctness in Zheng Xin Buddhism 164 The Politics of Buddhist Unity 166 Wesak Day Celebrations 167 Statistical Legitimacy 170 Summary 174 7. Conclusion 176 Future Research 178 Appendices 180 Appendix 1: Song of Triple Gem 180 Appendix 2: YBAM’s Affiliate Members 181 Bibliography 190 Index 204 List of Tables 9 Table 4.1 Differences between Tzu Chi and Fo Guang Shan 119 Table 6.1 The distribution of religion among ethnic Chinese in Peninsular Malaysia, 1970 and 1980 (by percentage) 171 Table 6.2 The distribution of religion among ethnic Chinese in Malaysia, 1991 and 2000 (by percentage) 172 "This book tells the story of how a minority community comes to grip with the puzzling drama of modernity, history, globalization, and cultural assertion in an ever changing Malaysia. It captures the religious connection, transformation, and tension within a complex traditional belief system in a multi-religious society. In particular, the book revolves around a discussion on the religious revitalization of Chinese Buddhism in modern Malaysia. This Buddhist revitalization movement is intertwined with various forces, such as colonialism, religious transnationalism, and global capitalism. Reformist Buddhists have helped to remake Malaysia's urban-dwelling Chinese community and have provided an exit option in the Malay and Muslim majority nation state. As Malaysia modernizes, there are growing concerns by certain segments of the country's ethnic Chinese Buddhist population to separate Buddhism from popular Chinese religions. Nevertheless, these reformist groups face counterforces from traditional Chinese religionists within the context of the cultural complexity of the Chinese belief system."--Back cover