Bridge of civilizations : the Near East and Europe c. 1100-1300

This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary to the Holy Land in 1217–18. The theme, Bridge of Civilizations , was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources. The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat (al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to 1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking installations and pottery. SHAM’s recent rescue work at Crac des Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles. Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil (Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus. Papers focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kāmil in a contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade. Table of Contents Introduction ; Castles and Warfare ; 1. Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 – Balázs Major ; 2. Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat – Bendegúz Takáts ; 3. Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects – Marwan Hassan ; 4. New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers – Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka ; 5. The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat – Erzsébet Bojtár ; 6. Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 – Teofil Rétfalvi ; 7. The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) – Anis Chaaya ; 8. Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress – Micaela Sinibaldi ; 9. Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region – Dávid Kotán ; 10. Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat – Mayssam Youssef ; Architecture, Art and Material Culture ; 11. Latakia in the Middle Ages – Ibrahim Kherbek ; 12. The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo – Júlia Sárközi ; 13. Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast – Andrew Petersen ; 14. The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach – Hany Kahwagi-Janho ; 15. Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East – Patricia Antaki-Masson ; 16. Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon – Nada Hélou ; 17. Mural Painting in Margat Castle – Zsófia Márk ; 18. A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle – Nóra Buránszki ; 19. Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296–1300 – Nicholas Coureas ; Historical Sources ; 20. An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the Holy Fire – by Denys Pringle ; 21. Sultan al-Kāmil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymous Chronique d’Ernoul – Peter Edbury ; 22. From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary – Dániel Bácsatyai ; Index This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary to the Holy Land in 1217–18. The theme, Bridge of Civilizations, was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources. The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat (al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to 1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking installations and pottery. SHAM’s recent rescue work at Crac des Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles. Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil (Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus. Papers focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kāmil in a contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade. About the Editors Peter Edbury is Emeritus Professor of Medieval History in the School of History, Archaeology and Religion at Cardiff University. He has published widely on the history and institutions of the kingdoms founded by the crusaders in the Near East and has re-edited the legal treatises by John of Ibelin (2003) and Philip of Novara (2009). Denys Pringle is Emeritus Professor in the School of History, Archaeology and Religion at Cardiff University. In addition to his four-volume corpus, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1993–2009), his recent publications include a volume of translated texts, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291 (2012), and a volume of collected studies, Churches, Castles and Landscape in the Frankish East (2013). Balázs Major is an archaeologist, Arabist and historian by training and holds a PhD from Cardiff University. He is the director of the Institute of Archaeology at Pázmány Péter Catholic University and a lecturer in the Department of Arabic Studies. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Contents Page 5 List of Figures 7 Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 25 Figure 1.1. Margat: the plateau from the south-east showing the citadel on the left and behind it the fortified inner suburb (photo: B. Takáts). 25 Figure 1.2. Margat: first Hospitaller construction period in the citadel (drawn by B. Major). 28 Figure 1.3. Margat: second Hospitaller construction period in the citadel (drawn by B. Major). 30 Figure 1.4. Margat: Hospitaller constructions in the citadel after 1202 (drawn by B. Major). 31 Figure 1.5. Margat: citadel from the south-west, with the outer wall of the early Hospitaller period in the foreground and behind it the western façade of the citadel with the following buildings from left to right: inner gate tower (F), J, M, chapter hou 32 Figure 1.6. Margat: citadel from the north (photo: B. Takáts). 34 Figure 1.7. Margat: computer-aided reconstruction of the interior of the chapter house (reconstruction by G. Buzás; graphics by G. Buzás and Zs. Vasáros). 35 Figure 1.8. Margat: cut-away section of the western wing of the citadel with the possible functions reconstructed (reconstruction by B. Major; graphics by M. Incze). 36 Figure 1.9. Margat: first-floor room (L2) of the donjon looking north with the sleeping alcove in the left, putlog holes and consoles of the wooden mezzanine floor and numerous cupboard niches in the walls. 43 Figure 1.10. Margat: interior of hall I.1.d. looking south (photo: B. Major). 45 Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat 47 Figure 2.1. Margat: Artec Space Spider in use. 48 Figure 2.2. Margat: scanned 3D model of the skull of a medieval man found in the castle in 2011. 49 Figure 2.3. Margat: 3D models during the excavation and after the restoration of a trebuchet projectile in situ. 50 Figure 2.4. Margat: 8 main N sections of the 3D models of trench 2018/I. 51 Figure 2.5. Margat: aligned 3D dense-point clouds of the donjon. 52 Figure 2.6. Margat: horizontal section of the second floor of the donjon. 54 Figure 2.7. Margat: orthomosaic of courtyard X1. 55 Figure 2.8. Margat: textured 3D model of the Mamluk ḥammām in the Outer Suburb. 56 Figure 2.10. Margat: textured 3D model of Qalʿat al-Marqab. 57 Figure 2.9. Margat: mapping of the remains of the inner suburb (aerial survey by author, drawings by B. Major). 57 Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects 59 Figure 3.1. Margat (al-Marqab): general location plan (M. Hassan). 59 Figure 3.2. Margat (al-Marqab): computer reconstruction of the castle, showing the citadel and the fortified upper suburb (G. Buzás). 60 Figure 3.3. Margat (al-Marqab): plan of the buffer zones around the site (M. Hassan). 62 Figure 3.4. Margat (al-Marqab): plan of the ‘green tourism bridge’ between the sea and the mountains (M. Hassan and B. Major). 66 Figure 3.5. Plan showing the position of Margat (al-Marqab) on the proposed castle route between Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn and Crac des Chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Ḥuṣn al-Akrād) (M. Hassan). 70 Figure 3.6. Margat (al-Marqab): plans of the proposed visitor routes for the castle (M. Hassan). 71 Figure 3.7. Margat (al-Marqab): plans for the proposed visitor centre in hall J1 (M. Hassan and A. Hammoud). 73 Figure 3.8. Margat (al-Marqab): proposed visitor routes around tower Tviii (M. Hassan). 74 Figure 3.9. Margat (al-Marqab): short- and long-term plans for the development of the site (M. Hassan). 75 Figure 3.10. Margat (al-Marqab): plans of the internal fortress at levels 1 and 2. 76 New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers 78 Figure 4.1. Crac des Chevaliers: map of the GPR surveys from 2016 to 2018 in the inner castle, depth 80 cm (by G. Bertók). 79 Figure 4.2. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the inner castle, ground level. Key: cisterns and water pipes shown blue; channels, shafts, latrines and pools shown red (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka). 81 Figure 4.3. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the inner castle, upper level. Key: channels and latrines shown red (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka). 82 Figure 4.4. Crac des Chevaliers: ceramic pipe at the well-house in the western part of the esplanade. 83 Figure 4.5. Crac des Chevaliers: remains of the vertical lead pipe and the hydraulic plaster on the wall in the southern part of the esplanade. 83 Figure 4.6. Crac des Chevaliers: ceramic pipe with a lead bend in the southern part of the esplanade. 84 Figure 4.7. Crac des Chevaliers: southern side of the water-collecting shaft under the small courtyard. 84 Figure 4.8. Crac des Chevaliers: the tunnel-like channel under the small courtyard. 85 Figure 4.9. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the small courtyard from the 2017 excavation (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka and T. Rétfalvi). 87 Figure 4.10. Crac des Chevaliers: lead pipe in the small courtyard from the 2017 excavation. 88 The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat 91 Figure 5.1. Crac des Chevaliers: masonry mark (5.0) on a reused bossed ashlar in the church. 95 Figure 5.2. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the castle showing the distribution of masonry marks in the ground-floor rooms (from: J. Zimmer, W. Meyer and L. Boscardin, Krak des Chevaliers in Syrien (Koblenz, 2011), 175, fig. 4.6). 99 Figure 5.3. Crac des Chevaliers: re-used ashlar with masonry mark on the third floor of the south-eastern section (51.3). 101 Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 103 Figure 6.1. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017. 105 Figure 6.2. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017, southern area (graves 1–4 and 6). 106 Figure 6.3. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017, central area (grave 5). 107 Figure 6.4. Crac des Chevaliers: bone rings in grave 2 (ring diameters 47 mm). 109 Figure 6.5. Crac des Chevaliers: damage to the skull in situ in grave 3. 110 The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) 113 Figure 7.1. Jubayl (Byblos): north-western angle of the medieval city wall, showing the location of the missing north-west corner-tower (photo: French Air Force of the Levant, 1930s). 113 Figure 7.2. Jubayl (Byblos): south-eastern tower of the city wall, incorporated into the medieval castle (photo: A. Chaaya). 114 Figure 7.3. Jubayl (Byblos): medieval castle, built on the line of the fortification of ancient Byblos (photo: Gilbert Chéhab). 115 Figure 7.4. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: base of the north-west tower, viewed from the south (photo: A. Chaaya). 116 Figure 7.5. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: base of the north-west tower, viewed from the north (photo: A. Chaaya). 117 Figure 7.6. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: arrow-slit in the first storey of the north-west tower (photo: A. Chaaya). 117 Figure 7.7. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: arrow-slit in the second storey of the north-west tower (photo: A. Chaaya). 118 Figure 7.8. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: south-west tower, from the south-west (photo: A. Chaaya). 119 Figure 7.9. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: the eastern towers, from the north-east (photo: A. Chaaya). 120 Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress 121 Figure 8.1. Karak Castle: aerial view, looking towards the eastern side (photo: Robert Bewley/APAAME 20181014_RHB-119). 122 Figure 8.2. Karak Castle: plan. Key: (a) Mamluk gate to outer ward; (b) Mamluk outer ward; (c) assumed site of Mamluk gate to inner ward; (d) modern entrance from town; (e) chapel; (f) Mamluk bakery; (g) Ayyubid palace; (h) Ayyubid-Mamluk keep; (j) reser 124 Figure 8.3. Karak Castle: remains of the possible Crusader-period donjon, bottom right, from west (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 125 Figure 8.4. Karak Castle: remains of the possible Crusader-period donjon, from south-east (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 125 Figure 8.5. Karak Castle: view of the castle and walled town from the east (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 126 Figure 8.6. Karak Castle: view of the western side, looking north-east (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 127 Figure 8.7. Karak Castle: view of the north wall, looking towards the north-east tower containing the gate (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 128 Figure 8.8. Karak Castle: the lower of the two barrel-vaults behind the north wall, looking east (photo: D. Pringle). 129 Figure 8.9. Karak Castle: View of the east side of the castle, showing the tower next to the chapel (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 132 Figure 8.10. Karak Castle: castle chapel and adjacent tower, seen from the south (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 134 Figure 8.11. Karak Castle: the sacristy to the chapel, showing the blocked window in the east wall (photo: D. Pringle). 134 Figure 8.12. Karak Castle: blocked window in the east wall of the mosque inside the Ayyubid palace (photo: M. Sinibaldi). 135 Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region 139 Figure 9.1. Margat Castle: stone projectile types (category A). Weights from right to left: 1 kg (2.2 lb), 9 kg (13.5 lb), 33 kg (72.8 lb), 70 kg (154.3 lb) and 73 kg (160.1 lb) (fragment). 143 Figure 9.2. Margat Castle: stone ball (P/2018/43) found in situ on the top of building S3 in the 2007 excavation. 143 Figure 9.3. Margat Castle: stone projectile (P/2018/33) found in situ, near the donjon, before excavation. 144 Figure 9.4. Margat Castle: stone projectile (P/2018/33). On the surface of the fracture the plume structure can be well observed, the starting point of the cracks being the point of impact. 144 Figure 9.5. Margat Castle: projectile impact traces on the donjon wall. 146 Figure 9.6. Margat Castle: impact mark caused by stone-throwing machine on the wall of the donjon (diam. 40 cm). 147 Figure 9.7. Margat Castle: examination of the impact marks on the southern wall of the chapel. 147 Figure 9.8. Crac des Chevaliers: impact marks caused during the civil war by modern artillery. 150 Figure 9.9. Ṣahyūn (Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn): limestone and sandstone trebuchet projectiles. 150 Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat 152 Figure 10.1. Margat Castle: method of construction of a typical oven (N. Ḥakīmī). 155 Figure 10.2. Margat Castle: plan of hall Q showing location of ovens. 156 Figure 10.3. Margat Castle: oven 1 in hall Q, vertical photogrammetric image (B. Takáts). 158 Figure 10.4. Margat Castle: idealized section through oven 1 (drawn by M. Youssef). 159 Figure 10.5. Margat Castle: oven 2 in hall Q. 161 Figure 10.6. Margat Castle: oven in Hall I.1.B. 163 Figure 10.7. Margat Castle: remains of basins with the preparation area of oven 1 in hall Q. 165 Figure 10.8. Margat Castle: remains of the hearths in the kitchen, hall D1. 165 Latakia in the Middle Ages 171 Figure 11.1. Latakia: aerial view showing the medieval buildings (photo: I. Kherbek). 173 Figure 11.2. Latakia: the newly discovered cistern in the castle (al-Qalʿa) (plan and photos by I. Kherbek). 175 Figure 11.3. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Our Lady: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek). 177 Figure 11.4. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Our Lady (photo: B. Major). 178 Figure 11.5. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Saint Nicolas (by I. Kherbek). 179 Figure 11.6. Latakia: Great Mosque: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek). 181 Figure 11.7. Latakia: al-Imshāṭī Mosque: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek). 182 Figure 11.8. Latakia: medieval church in al-Imshāṭī, looking east (photo: B. Major). 183 Figure 11.9. Latakia: al-Qibba Mosque, plan (drawn by I. Kherbek). 185 11.10. Latakia: al-Baṭarnī Mosque, plan (drawn by I. Kherbek). 186 11.11. Latakia: Muʿallaqa Church, traces of medieval painting, showing an aureoled head, surviving on the soffit of the eastern arch. 187 The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo 189 Figure 12.1. Cairo: mosque of al-Ṣāliḥ Ṭalāʾiʿ ibn Ruzzīk (1160) (photo: D. Pringle 2011). 190 Figure 12.2. Cairo: mausoleum of al-Sāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (1242–44), with the minaret-portal to the two associated madrasas behind (photo: D. Pringle 2011). 192 Figure 12.3. Cairo: façade of the mausoleum of al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (1242–44) (photo: B. Major). 193 Figure 12.4. Cairo: mosque of Aqmar (1125) (photo: D. Pringle 2011). 193 Figure 12.5. Cairo: mosque of Sultan al-Ḥākim bi Amr Allāh (1003), inscription on the southern minaret (photo: B. Major). 194 Figure 12.6. Cairo: mosque of Aqmar (1125), inscription below muqarnas panel on the façade (photo: B. Major). 195 Figure 12.7. Cairo: façade of the mausoleum-madrasa of Sultan al-Manṣūr Qalāʾūn (1284–85) (photo: B. Major). 196 Figure 12.8. Cairo: portal to the madrasa of Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāʾūn (1295–1303) (photo: B. Major). 197 Figure 12.10. Cairo, portal to the madrasa-mosque of Sultan Ḥasan (1356–61): Crusader pilaster illustrating Jerusalem monuments, detail of the Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock) (photo: D. Pringle 2011). 198 Figure 12.9. Cairo, portal to the madrasa-mosque of Sultan Ḥasan (1356–61): Crusader pilaster illustrating Jerusalem monuments, including (from the top) the Holy Sepulchre (?), the Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock), and David’s Gate (photo: D. Pringle 201 198 Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast 199 Figure13.1. Technical terms for describing stone bridges. 200 Figure 13.2. Map of Lebanon, showing the location of historic bridges. 202 Figure 13.3. Līṭānī River bridge (no. 1): south-facing elevation before its destruction in 1941. 205 Figure 13.4. Bridge over the Nahr Abū Aswad (no. 2): from the east (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018). 207 Figure 13.5. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): remains of south abutment (photo: A. Petersen, April 2018). 209 Figure 13.6. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): reconstructed plan and elevation based on visible surviving foundations. 209 Figure 13.7. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): plan and elevation of south abutment. 210 Figure 13.8. Beirut River (Nahr Bayrūt) bridge (no. 4): reconstruction of the east elevation and plan. 212 Figure 13.10. Nahr al-Kalb bridge (no. 5): recess for missing inscription panel set into the west face of the south abutment (photo: A. Petersen, Sept. 2017) 215 Figure 13.9. Nahr al-Kalb bridge (no. 5): view from east (photo: A. Petersen, Sept. 2017) 215 Figure 13.11. Roman bridge at Maʿamlatayn (no. 6), near Jūniyya (photo: A. Petersen, Oct. 2017) 218 Figure 13.12. Nahr Ibrāhīm bridge (no. 7): north face of main arch (photo: A. Petersen, Jan. 2018) 220 Figure 13.13. Nahr Ibrāhīm bridge (no. 7): detail of equestrian carving on the north face of the east (right bank) abutment (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018). 221 Figure 13.14. Nahr Fīdār bridge (no. 8), near Blāṭ: east face (photo: A. Petersen, March 2018) 222 Figure 13.15. Msaylḥa bridge (no. 9): view from the west with the castle behind (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018) 223 Figure 13.16. Msaylḥa bridge (no. 9): detail of north abutment, showing remains of an earlier arch (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018). 224 Figure 13.17. Comparison of the elevations of Roman, medieval and Ottoman bridges in Lebanon (nos. 1–9). 226 The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach 228 Figure 14.1. Yanouh: location of the chapels to the south of the Roman sanctuary (Yanouh village). 229 Figure 14.2. Yanouh: location of the chapels to the north of the Roman sanctuary (Mghayreh village). 229 Figure 14.3. Yanouh: chapel of Our Lady before reconstruction. 231 Figure 14.4. Yanouh: double chapel of Saint Simeon. 232 Figure 14.5. Edde: location of the chapels. 233 Figure 14.6. Edde: church of Saint George. 233 Figure 14.7. Edde: church of Saint Theodore. 234 Figure 14.8. Edde: the interior of the church of Saint Michael and Gaint Gabriel. 235 Figure 14.9. Plans and proportions of the churches and chapels of Edde and Yanouh. 236 Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East 242 Figure15.1. Beirut chapel: reconstruction of the piscina (from: J. Laufffray, Bull. du Musée de Beyrouth 8 (1948): 8, fig. 1). 245 Figure 15.2. ʿAtlīt: piscina locations in the parish church (from: C.N. Johns, Quarterly of the Dept. of Antiquities in Palestine 4 (1935): 124, fig. 2). 247 Figure 15.3. ʿAtlīt: pierced capital from the parish church (from: C.N. Johns, Quarterly of the Dept. of Antiquities in Palestine 4 (1935): 131 fig. 6). 248 Figure 15.4. Bayt Jibrīn: piscina in the north apse of the Hospitaller church (photo: D. Pringle, Dec. 2002) 249 Figure 15.5. Bkeftine: pillar piscina in the church of the monastery of Our Lady (photo: P. Antaki). 250 Figure 15.6. Deddeh: double piscina in the chapel of Saint Michael of the monastery of Saint James the Mutilated (Intercisus) (photo: P. Antaki). 251 Figure 15.7. Belmont Abbey: double piscina with three bowls in the abbey church (photo: P. Antaki). 252 Figure 15.8. Belmont Abbey: piscina in the chapel of Saint George (photo: P. Antaki). 253 Figure 15.9. Belmont Abbey: piscina in the chapel of Saint George, detail (photo: P. Antaki). 253 Figure 15.10. Belmont Abbey: reused double piscina in the chapel of Saint George (photo: P. Antaki). 254 Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon 257 Figure 16.1. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor from the Dormition, south wall (photo: Nada Hélou). 260 Figure 16.2. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor before a bishop, north wall (photo: N. Hélou). 260 Figure 16.3. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor before a bishop, north wall (photo: N. Hélou). 261 Figure 16.4. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: hands of woman beneath a bishop (photo: N. Hélou). 262 Figure 16.5. Behdidat (Baḥdaydāt), church of Mar Tadros: donor in front of Saint Theodoros, north wall (photo: N. Hélou). 263 Figure 16.6. Behdidat (Baḥdaydāt), Church of Mar Tadros: donor beneath Saint George, south wall (photo: N. Hélou). 264 Figure 16.7. Hadchit (Ḥadshīt), church of Mart Chmouni: donor beneath the Resurrection, apse (photo: N. Hélou). 265 Figure 16.8. Amioun (Amyūn), church of Mar Phocas: donor beneath Saint Philip, north wall (photo: N. Hélou). 266 Figure 16.9. Beirut, chapel of Saint Barbara: two women donors, north wall (photo: N. Hélou). 268 Mural Painting in Margat Castle 270 Figure 17.1. Margat Castle: aerial photograph with the location of wall paintings indicated by letters. 271 Figure 17.2. Margat Castle, church: painting of Hell on the south wall of the nave. 272 Figure 17.3. Margat: painted fragment in the cemetery church of the Outer Suburb (OSC). 274 Figure 17.4. Margat: painting in situ in the second church of the Outer Suburb (OSS). 276 Figure 17.5. Margat: recycled painted stone from the citadel. 277 Figure 17.6. Margat: painted stone from the inner suburb. 277 Figure 17.7. Margat: coastal watchtower with the castle in the background. 278 Figure 17.8. Margat: painting in the loophole niche of the watchtower. 279 Figure 17.9. Margat: painting of imitation ashlar on the vault of the inner gate-tower (F). 279 Figure 17.10. Margat: painting of imitation ashlar on the vault of the southern gate-tower (Ti). 280 A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle 284 Figure 18.1. Margat Castle: ground plan (prepared by T. Borosházi and B. Major). 286 Figure 18.2. Margat Castle: excavated pit (trench 2016/I) in 2016 (photo: N. Buránszki). 287 Figure 18.3. Margat Castle: stratigraphy of trench 2010/XXXVI (drawn by N. Buránszki). 288 Figure 18.4. Margat Castle: selected pottery from the pit (photo: K. Lovas). 290 Figure 18.5. Margat Castle: bowl with slip mark (MARQ:2016.X1.I.1). 292 Figure 18.6. Margat Castle: types of unglazed bowls (drawing by N. Buránszki). 293 Figure 18.7. Margat Castle: percentage distribution of pottery fragments (prepared by N. Buránszki). 294 An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the Holy Fire 305 Figure 21.1. Map showing the various itineraries between the River Fischa and Jerusalem described in the different versions of the Via Hierosolimitana (compiled by D. Pringle, drawn by Kirsty Harding). 306 List of Tables 12 The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat 91 Table 5.1. Crac des Chevaliers: List of the masonry marks (extract). 96 Table 5.2. Crac des Chevaliers: List of the types (extract). 97 Table 5.3. Crac des Chevaliers: Type-location table (extract). Open circle indicate the presence of a single masonry mark from the type, full circles more than one. 98 Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region 139 Table 9.1. Diameters and weights of the 27 category A projectiles from Margat. 142 Table 2. Diameters, weights and materials of the 10 catalogued projectiles from Crac des Chevaliers. 149 Table 9.3. Diameters, weights and materials of the 13 catalogued projectiles from Saone. 149 The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach 228 Table 14.1. Comparison of Yanouh and Edde. 230 Table 14.2. Modules of the churches of Yanouh and Yanouh-Mghayreh (measurements in cm). 239 Table 14.3. Modules of the churches of Edde-Jbeil (measurements in cm). 240 Table 14.4. Modules of medieval churches in villages neighbouring Edde (measurements in cm). 240 Notes on Contributors 13 Introduction 17 Castles and Warfare 23 Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 25 Balázs Major 25 Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat 47 Bendegúz Takáts 47 Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects 59 Marwan Hassan 59 New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers 78 Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka 78 The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat 91 Erzsébet Bojtár 91 Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 103 Teofil Rétfalvi 103 The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) 113 Anis Chaaya 113 Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress 121 Micaela Sinibaldi 121 Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region 139 Dávid Kotán 139 Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat 152 Mayssam Youssef 152 Architecture, Art and Material Culture 169 Latakia in the Middle Ages 171 Ibrahim Kherbek 171 The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo 189 Júlia Sárközi 189 Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast 199 Andrew Petersen 199 The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach 228 Hany Kahwagi-Janho 228 Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East 242 Patricia Antaki-Masson 242 Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon 257 Nada Hélou 257 Mural Painting in Margat Castle 270 Zsófia Márk 270 A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle 284 Nóra Buránszki 284 Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296–1300 296 Nicholas Coureas 296 Historical Sources 303 An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the H 305 Denys Pringle 305 Sultan al-Kāmil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymo 321 Peter Edbury 321 From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary 326 Dániel Bácsatyai 326 Index 333 This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary to the Holy Land in 1217-18. The theme, 'Bridge of Civilizations', was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources.0The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat (al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to 1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking installations and pottery. SHAM's recent rescue work at Crac des Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles. Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil (Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus.0Papers focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kamil in a contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade