Bridge engineering handbook

an International Team Of Experts Has Joined Forces To Produce The Bridge Engineering Handbook. They Address All Facets-the Planning, Design, Inspection, Construction, And Maintenance Of A Variety Of Bridge Structures-creating A Must-have Resource For Every Bridge Engineer. This Unique, Comprehensive Reference Provides The Means To Review Standard Practices And Keep Abreast Of New Developments And State-of-the-art Practices. Comprising 67 Chapters In Seven Sections, The Authors Present: fundamentals: Provides The Basic Concepts And Theory Of Bridge Engineering Superstructure Design: Discusses All Types Of Bridges Substructure Design: Addresses Columns, Piers, Abutments, And Foundations Seismic Design: Presents The Latest In Seismic Bridge Design Construction And Maintenance: Focuses On The Practical Issues Of Bridge Structures Special Topics: Offers New And Important Information And Unique Solutions Worldwide Practice: Summarizes Bridge Engineering Practices Around The World. discover Virtually All You Need To Know About Any Type Of Bridge: reinforced, Segmental, And Prestressed Concrete Steel Beam And Plate Girder Steel Box Girder Orthotropic Deck Horizontally Curved Truss Arch Suspension Cable-stayed Timber Movable Floating Railroad special Attention Is Given To Rehabilitation, Retrofit, And Maintenance, And The Bridge Engineering Handbook Offers Over 1,600 Tables, Charts, And Illustrations In Ready-to-use Format. An Abundance Of Worked-out Examples Give Readers Step-by-step Design Procedures And The Section On Worldwide Practice Provides A Broad And Valuable Perspective On The Big Picture Of Bridge Engineering. booknews presents A Comprehensive Reference On Planning, Design, Inspection, Construction, History, Aesthetics, And Maintenance Of A Variety Of Bridge Structures. Material Is In Sections On Fundamentals, Superstructure, Substructure, And Seismic Design, Construction And Maintenance, Special Topics, And Worldwide Practice. Describes Basic Concepts And Assumptions Without Detailed Derivations Of Formulas, Combining Traditional And New Practices And Focusing On Practical Solutions. Special Attention Is Given To Rehabilitation, Retrofit, And Maintenance. An Abundance Of Examples Give Readers Step-by-step Design Procedures. Includes B&w Photos. Annotation C. Book News, Inc., Portland, Or (booknews.com) Cover......Page 1 Forward......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Editors......Page 8 Contributors......Page 10 Contents......Page 14 Section I - Fundamentals......Page 29 1.1 Introduction......Page 30 1.2.1 Introduction......Page 31 1.2.2 General Considerations for the Design of Bri.........Page 32 1.2.3 Theoretical Basic Method of Preliminary Desi.........Page 33 1.2.4 Choice of Final Alternative for Reinforced-C.........Page 35 Solution......Page 36 1.3.1 Basic Trends in the Design of Bridges......Page 37 1.3.4 Basic Assumptions of Design......Page 38 1.3.5 Basic Requirement of the Bridge under Design.........Page 40 1.3.6 Aesthetic Requirements......Page 41 1.3.7 Requirement for Scientific Research......Page 43 1.3.8 Basic Parameters of the Bridge......Page 44 1.3.10 Size of Separate System......Page 46 1.4 Remarks and Conclusions......Page 47 2.1 Introduction......Page 49 2.3 Do Objects Have Aesthetic Qualities?......Page 50 2.4 How Do Humans Perceive Aesthetic Values?......Page 52 2.5 The Cultural Role of Proportions......Page 53 2.6 How Do We Perceive Geometric Proportions?......Page 58 2.8 Aesthetic Judgment and Taste......Page 60 2.9 Characteristics of Aesthetic Qualities Lead to.........Page 62 2.9.3 Order......Page 63 2.9.6 Surface Texture......Page 64 2.9.9 Complexity— Stimulation by Variety......Page 65 2.10 Aesthetics and Ethics......Page 66 2.11 Summary......Page 67 3.1 Introduction......Page 69 3.2 The Engineer’s Aesthetic and Structural Art......Page 70 3.3 The Three Dimensions of Structure......Page 72 3.4 Structure and Architecture......Page 74 3.5 Application to Everyday Design......Page 75 3.6 The Role of Case Studies in Bridge Design......Page 78 3.7 Case Study in Colorado: Buckley Road over I-76.........Page 79 3.7.2 Critique of the Bridge......Page 80 3.7.4 Summary......Page 82 3.8 Achieving Structural Art in Modern Society: Co.........Page 83 3.9 The Engineer’s Goal......Page 86 Characteristics of Fixed Links......Page 88 Planning Activities for Major Fixed Links......Page 89 4.2.1 Initial Studies......Page 90 4.2.2 Conceptual Study......Page 91 Procurement Strategy......Page 92 Contract Packaging......Page 93 4.2.4 Tender Design......Page 94 4.2.5 Tender Evaluation......Page 95 4.2.6 Detailed Design......Page 96 4.3.1 Introduction......Page 97 4.3.4 Environmental Requirements......Page 98 Risk Management Framework......Page 99 4.3.6 Aesthetic Requirements......Page 100 Vessel Collision Analysis......Page 101 Wind Climate Data......Page 102 Cost Estimates at Different Project Phases......Page 103 Establishment of Alternatives and Their Characteri.........Page 104 4.4.1 Introduction......Page 105 Project Development......Page 106 Environmental......Page 107 The West Bridge......Page 108 The East Tunnel......Page 109 The Øresund Bridge......Page 110 Navigation......Page 112 4.4.4 The Fehmarn Belt Crossing......Page 113 5.1 Introduction......Page 114 5.3.2 Allowable Stress Design......Page 115 5.3.3 Load Factor Design......Page 116 5.3.5.1 Introduction to Reliability as a Basis of Design Philosophy......Page 117 5.3.5.2 Calibration of Load and Resistance Factors......Page 120 5.3.5.3 Load and Resistance Factors......Page 122 5.4.1.1 Introduction......Page 123 5.4.1.3 Special Requirements of the LRFD Specifications......Page 124 Redundancy......Page 125 5.4.1.4 Design Load Combinations in ASD, LFD, and LRFD......Page 126 5.4.3 Constructibility......Page 131 6.1 Introduction......Page 133 6.3.1 Design Vehicular Live Load......Page 134 6.3.4 Load Distribution for Superstructure Design......Page 135 6.3.4.1 Decks......Page 136 6.3.4.2 Beam–Slab Bridges......Page 137 6.3.5 Load Distribution for Substructure Design......Page 138 6.3.7 Dynamic Load Allowance......Page 140 6.5 Wind Loads......Page 141 6.6 Effects Due to Superimposed Deformations......Page 142 6.7 Exceptions to Code-Specified Design Loads......Page 143 7.1.1 Basic Equations: Equilibrium, Compatibility,.........Page 145 7.1.2 Three Levels: Continuous Mechanics, Finite–E.........Page 146 7.2.1 Equilibrium Equation and Virtual Work Equati.........Page 147 7.2.2 Equilibrium Equation for Elements......Page 149 7.2.3 Coordinate Transformation......Page 151 7.2.5 Influence Lines and Surfaces......Page 152 7.3.1 Large Deformation and Large Strain......Page 153 7.4.1 Elasticity and Plasticity......Page 155 7.4.2 Linear Elastic and Nonlinear Elastic Behavio.........Page 156 7.5.1 Stiffness matrix for elements......Page 157 7.5.4 Special Consideration......Page 158 7.6 Substructuring and Symmetry Consideration......Page 160 8.1 Introduction......Page 162 8.3.1 Selection of Modeling Methodology......Page 163 8.3.2 Geometry......Page 167 8.3.3 Material and SectionProperties......Page 168 8.3.4 Boundary Conditions......Page 171 8.4 Summary......Page 173 Section II - Superstructure Design......Page 175 9.1 Introduction......Page 176 1Compressive Strength......Page 177 2.Tensile Strength......Page 178 2.Stress–Strain Curve......Page 179 9.3.1 Slab Bridges......Page 180 9.4.1 Basic Design Theory......Page 181 a.Control of Cracking......Page 182 b.Control of Deformations......Page 183 9.4.3 Flexural Strength......Page 184 1.Strut-and-Tie Model......Page 186 2.Sectional Design Model......Page 187 1.Stress Analysis at Service Limit States [5]......Page 189 2.Effective Flange Width (AASHTO 4.6.2.6)......Page 191 9.4.7 Details of Reinforcement......Page 192 Requirements......Page 194 Solution......Page 195 Solution......Page 201 10.1.1.1 Concrete......Page 216 10.1.1.2 Steel for Prestressing......Page 218 10.1.2 Prestressing Systems......Page 219 10.2.3 Box Girders......Page 220 10.3 Losses of Prestress......Page 221 10.3.1.3 Elastic Shortening Loss DfpES......Page 224 10.3.2.2 Refined Estimation......Page 225 10.4.1 Basic Theory......Page 226 10.4.2 Stress Limits......Page 227 10.4.3 Cable Layout......Page 228 10.4.4 Secondary Moments......Page 229 10.4.5 Flexural Strength......Page 230 10.4.6 Shear Strength......Page 232 10.4.7 Camber and Deflections......Page 234 Given......Page 235 Requirements......Page 236 Solution......Page 237 11 - Segmental Concrete Bridges......Page 253 11.1 Introduction......Page 254 11.2.1 Overview......Page 255 11.2.2 Span Arrangement and Typical Cross Sections......Page 256 11.2.3 Cast-in-Place Balanced Cantilever Bridges......Page 257 11.2.4 Precast Balanced Cantilever Bridges......Page 258 11.2.5 Loads on Substructure......Page 259 11.2.7 Articulation and Hinges......Page 260 11.3.1 Overview......Page 261 11.3.2 Progressive Construction......Page 262 11.3.3 Span-by-Span Construction......Page 264 11.4.1 Overview......Page 266 11.4.4 Techniques for Reducing Launching Moments......Page 267 11.5.1.1 Arches Erected without Falsework......Page 269 11.5.2 Rigid Frames......Page 271 11.5.3 Segmental Trusses......Page 272 11.6.1 Overview......Page 273 11.6.2.1 Design......Page 274 11.6.2.3 Cantilever Precast Construction......Page 276 11.6.3 In-Stage Construction......Page 277 11.7.1 Overview......Page 278 11.7.1.2 Span-by-Span Construction......Page 280 11.7.1.3 Location of Expansion Joints......Page 281 11.7.2.1 Overall Box-Girder Dimensions......Page 282 11.7.2.2 Web Thickness......Page 283 11.7.3.2 Nonlinear Temperature Gradients......Page 284 11.7.5.1 External Post-Tensioning......Page 286 11.8.1 Design Aspects and Design Codes......Page 287 11.8.2.1 Monolithic Deck/Superstructure Connection......Page 288 11.8.2.2 Deck/Superstructure Connection via Bearings......Page 289 11.8.2.3 Expansion Hinges......Page 290 11.8.2.4 Precast Segmental Piers......Page 291 Construction Camber Control......Page 292 11.9.2 Erection......Page 293 11.9.2.1 Balanced Cantilever Method......Page 294 11.9.2.2 Span-by-Span Construction......Page 298 11.10.2 Concepts......Page 299 11.10.3 New Developments......Page 300 11.10.4 Environmental Impact......Page 301 11.10.6 The Assembly of Structures......Page 302 11.10.7 Prospective......Page 303 12.2 Structural Materails......Page 305 12.3.1 Classification of Sections......Page 307 12.3.2 Selection of Structural Sections......Page 308 12.4.2 Yield Moment......Page 310 12.4.3 Plastic Moment......Page 311 Given......Page 314 Solutions......Page 317 Solutions......Page 322 12.5.2 Stiffeners......Page 325 Solutions......Page 326 Given......Page 328 Solutions......Page 329 12.6.2 Diaphragms and Cross Frames......Page 331 Given......Page 332 Solutions:......Page 333 12.6.4 Serviceability and Constructibility......Page 335 13.2 Typical Sections......Page 337 13.3 General Design Principles......Page 338 13.5 Shear Resistance......Page 339 13.6.1 Stiffeners......Page 340 13.6.2 Top Lateral Bracings......Page 341 13.7.2 Torsion......Page 342 13.8 Design Example......Page 343 14.2.1 Typical Sections......Page 361 14.2.2 Open Ribs vs. Closed Ribs......Page 362 14.2.3 Economics......Page 365 14.3 Applications......Page 366 14.3.1 Plate-Girder Bridges......Page 367 14.3.2 Box-Girder Bridges......Page 369 14.3.3 Arch Bridges......Page 376 14.3.4 Movable Bridges......Page 377 14.3.5 Truss Bridges......Page 379 14.3.6 Cable-Stayed Bridges......Page 381 14.3.7 Suspension Bridges......Page 382 14.4.1 General......Page 384 14.4.3 Rib Design......Page 389 14.4.4 Floor Beam and Girder Design......Page 393 14.4.5 Fatigue Considerations......Page 394 14.4.6 Bridge Failures......Page 397 14.4.7 Corrosion Protection......Page 398 14.3.8 Wearing Surface......Page 400 14.3.9 Future Developments......Page 402 15.1 Introduction......Page 407 15.2 Structural Analysis for Curved Bridges......Page 409 15.2.1 Simplified Method: V-Load......Page 411 15.3.1 Geometric Parameters......Page 413 15.3.2 Design Criteria......Page 414 15.3.3 Design Example......Page 415 15.5 Curved Concrete Box-Girder Bridges......Page 419 16.1.1 Historical......Page 423 16.1.2 Modern......Page 424 Components and Nomenclature......Page 425 Truss Members......Page 426 Materials......Page 427 16.3.1 Two-Force Member Methods— Pin-Connected Tr.........Page 428 16.3.1.3 Influence Lines for a Truss......Page 429 16.4.1 Conventional Deck Systems Not Integral with.........Page 432 16.5.1 Hangers and Dummy Chords for Cantilever Bri.........Page 434 16.5.2 Bearings......Page 436 16.5.3 Wind Tongues and Bearings for Transverse Fo.........Page 438 16.6.1 Camber for Vertical Geometry......Page 441 16.6.3 Common Erection Methods......Page 447 16.6.3.3 Float-In......Page 451 16.7 Summary......Page 456 17.1.2 Comparison of Arch Bridge with Other Bridge.........Page 457 17.2 Short History of Arch Bridges......Page 458 17.3 Types of Arch Bridges......Page 459 17.4 Examples of Typical Arch Bridges......Page 460 17.5 Analysis of Arch Bridges......Page 462 17.6.2 Vortex Shedding......Page 464 17.6.3 Buckling of Arch Rib......Page 465 17.7 Erection of Arches......Page 466 Beginning of the Modern Suspension Bridge......Page 468 Developments in Asia since the 1970s......Page 469 Number of Spans......Page 470 Types of Cable Anchoring......Page 471 18.2.4 Cables......Page 472 18.3.1 General......Page 475 Elastic Theory and Deflection Theory......Page 476 Out-of-Plane Analysis of the Main Tower......Page 478 Design Procedure......Page 479 Analysis Procedure......Page 480 Wind Tunnel Testing......Page 482 Countermeasures against Vibration......Page 484 General......Page 485 General......Page 486 Supplemental Components......Page 487 General......Page 489 Basic Dimensions......Page 490 18.4.1 Main Towers......Page 493 Steel Towers......Page 494 Concrete Towers......Page 495 18.4.3 Suspended Structures......Page 496 All Hinge Method......Page 497 18.5.1 Loading Test......Page 498 18.5.3 Coating Specification......Page 500 18.5.4 Main Cable Corrosion Protection......Page 501 19.1 Introduction......Page 504 19.2.1 General Layout......Page 506 19.2.2 Cables......Page 509 19.2.3 Girder......Page 510 19.2.4 Tower......Page 512 19.3.2 Live Load......Page 515 19.3.4.2 Seismic Design......Page 516 19.3.4.3 Aerodynamics......Page 517 19.4 Superlong Spans......Page 518 19.6 Aesthetic Lighting......Page 519 19.7 Summary......Page 520 20.1.1 Timber as a Bridge Material......Page 522 20.2 Properties of Wood and Wood Products......Page 523 20.2.1 Physical Properties of Wood......Page 524 20.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 525 20.2.3 Wood and Wood-Based Materials for Bridge Construction......Page 526 20.2.4 Preservation and Protection......Page 527 Longitudinal Deck Superstructures......Page 528 Trussed Superstructures......Page 529 Suspension Bridges......Page 530 Lumber Planks......Page 531 Abutments......Page 532 20.4.1 Specifications and Standards......Page 533 AASHTO-LRFD “Base” Design Values......Page 534 AF&PA Adjustment Factors......Page 535 AASHTO-LRFD Adjustment Factors......Page 536 Moment Capacity......Page 537 Shear Capacity......Page 538 Bearing Capacity......Page 539 Compression Capacity......Page 540 20.4.7 Connections......Page 541 Nails, Spikes, and Screws......Page 542 Lateral Resistance......Page 543 Axial Resistance......Page 544 Lateral Resistance......Page 545 Combined Load Resistance......Page 548 21.1 Introduction......Page 550 21.2.1 Bascule Bridges......Page 551 21.2.2 Swing Spans......Page 554 21.2.3 Vertical Lift Bridges......Page 556 21.3.1 Design Criteria......Page 557 21.3.2 Bridge Balance......Page 558 21.3.4 Movable Bridge Decks......Page 559 21.4 Bridge Machinery......Page 561 21.5.2 Bridge Power......Page 568 21.5.3 Bridge Control......Page 570 21.6 Traffic Control......Page 573 22.1 Introduction......Page 575 22.2 Basic Concept......Page 576 22.3.1 Floating Structure......Page 578 22.3.2 Anchoring Systems......Page 579 22.4 Design Criteria......Page 581 22.4.2 Winds and Waves......Page 582 22.4.4 Control Progressive Failure......Page 584 22.4.5 Design of Concrete Members......Page 585 22.4.7 Movable Span......Page 586 22.4.8 Deflection and Motion......Page 587 22.5.1 Preliminary Design......Page 588 22.5.2 Dynamic Analysis......Page 590 22.5.3 Frequency-Domain Analysis......Page 591 22.7 Construction Cost......Page 592 22.8 Inspection, Maintenance, and Operation......Page 594 22.9 Closing Remarks......Page 595 23.1.1 Railroad Network......Page 598 23.1.3 Manual for Railway Engineering, AREMA......Page 599 23.2 Railroad Bridge Philosophy......Page 600 23.3 Railroad Bridge Types......Page 601 23.4.2 Open Deck......Page 602 23.4.5 Deck Details......Page 603 23.5.3.1 Dead Load......Page 604 23.5.3.3 Impact......Page 605 23.5.3.5 Lateral Loads from Equipment......Page 606 23.5.3.7 Wind Loading......Page 607 23.5.3.9 Volume Changes......Page 608 23.5.3.10 Seismic Loads......Page 609 23.5.4 Load Combinations......Page 610 23.5.5.3 Others......Page 611 23.6.3 Maximum Rating......Page 612 24.2 Bridge Decks......Page 613 Given......Page 614 Solution:......Page 615 24.2.2 Precast Concrete Bridge Decks......Page 620 24.2.3 Steel Grid Bridge Decks......Page 621 24.3 Approach Slabs......Page 622 24.3.2 Settlement Problems......Page 623 24.3.3 Additional Considerations......Page 625 24.4 Summary......Page 626 25.1 Introduction......Page 628 25.3 Jointless Bridges......Page 629 25.4.1 Sliding Plate Joints......Page 630 25.4.2 Compression Seal Joints......Page 631 25.4.3 Asphaltic Plug Joints......Page 632 25.4.4 Poured Sealant Joints......Page 633 Solution......Page 634 25.5.2 Strip Seal Joints......Page 635 25.5.3 Steel Finger Joints......Page 636 Solution......Page 637 25.6.1 Modular Bridge Expansion Joints......Page 638 Solution......Page 640 25.7 Construction and Maintenance......Page 641 Section III - Substructure Design......Page 643 27.2.1 General......Page 644 27.2.2 Selection Criteria......Page 645 27.3 Design Loads......Page 646 27.3.1 Live Loads......Page 647 27.4.1 Overview......Page 650 27.4.2 Slenderness and Second-Order Effect......Page 652 Interaction Diagrams......Page 654 27.4.3.2 Shear Strength......Page 656 27.4.3.3 Ductility of Columns......Page 658 Material Data......Page 659 SectionProperties......Page 660 Compressive Resistance......Page 663 Flexural Resistance......Page 665 Combined Axial Compression and Flexure......Page 666 28.1 Introduction......Page 667 28.3 Aesthetics......Page 668 28.4 Conceptual Design......Page 670 28.4.1 Materials......Page 671 28.4.2 Forms and Shapes......Page 673 28.4.3 Erection......Page 676 28.5.1 Design Loads......Page 677 28.5.2 Design Considerations......Page 679 28.6 Construction......Page 680 28.7 Summary......Page 681 Open-End and Closed-End Abutments......Page 683 29.2.2 General Design Considerations......Page 685 29.2.3 Seismic Design Considerations......Page 687 Monolithic Abutment or Diaphragm Abutment (Figure29.5)......Page 689 Seat-Type Abutment (Figure29.6)......Page 690 Abutment Drainage......Page 692 Miscellaneous Details......Page 693 29.2.5 Design Example......Page 694 Geotechnical Information......Page 695 Design Assumptions......Page 696 Solution......Page 697 Minimum Requirements......Page 705 Lateral Load......Page 706 29.3.3 Cantilever Retaining Wall Design Example......Page 709 Solution......Page 710 29.3.5 Reinforced Earth-Retaining Structure......Page 715 Earth Pressure with Seismic Effects......Page 718 30.1 Introduction......Page 720 30.2 Field Exploration Techniques......Page 721 30.2.1.1 Wet (Mud) Rotary Borings......Page 722 30.2.2.1 Driven Sampling......Page 723 30.2.4 In Situ Testing......Page 724 30.2.4.2 In Situ Vane Shear Tests......Page 725 30.2.5 Downhole Geophysical Logging......Page 726 30.2.7 Geophysical Survey Techniques......Page 729 30.2.7.4 High-Resolution Seismic Reflection and Subbottom Profilers......Page 731 30.2.7.5 Seismic Refraction......Page 732 30.2.7.7 Resistivity Surveys......Page 733 30.3 Defining Site Investigation Requirements......Page 734 30.3.3 Numbers of Explorations......Page 735 30.4.2.1 Soil Classification and Index Testing......Page 736 30.4.2.7 Dynamic Tests......Page 737 30.5.2 Factual Data Presentation......Page 738 30.5.4 Definition of Soil Properties......Page 740 30.5.6 Application of Computerized Databases......Page 742 31.1 Introduction......Page 743 31.2 Design Requirements......Page 744 31.4.1 Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 745 Soil Density......Page 748 Eccentric Load......Page 751 31.4.2 Bearing Capacity on Sand from Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)......Page 753 31.4.4 Bearing Capacity from Pressure-Meter Tests (PMT)......Page 754 31.4.6 Predicted Bearing Capacity vs. Load Test Results......Page 755 31.5 Stress Distribution Due to Footing Pressures......Page 757 31.5.2 Layered Systems......Page 758 31.5.3 Simplified Method (2:1 Method)......Page 759 31.6 Settlement of Shallow Foundations......Page 760 31.6.1 Immediate Settlement by Elastic Methods......Page 763 CPT Method......Page 765 Secondary Settlement......Page 770 31.7.2 Bearing Capacity of Fractured Rock......Page 771 31.7.3 Settlements of Foundations on Rock......Page 772 31.8 Structural Design of Spread Footings......Page 773 32.1 Introduction......Page 777 32.2.2 Typical Bridge Foundations......Page 778 32.2.3 Classification......Page 779 Large-Diameter Driven, Vibrated, or Torqued Steel Pipe Piles......Page 781 Cofferdam and Shoring......Page 782 32.2.5 Characteristics of Different Types of Foundations......Page 783 32.2.6 Selection of Foundations......Page 785 Capacity in Long-Term and Short-Term Conditions......Page 786 32.3.5 Other Design Issues......Page 787 32.4.1 General......Page 790 Sand......Page 792 Empirical Methods......Page 793 32.4.3 Side Resistance......Page 794 Method from Elasticity Solutions......Page 797 Method by Vesic [79]......Page 798 Method Using Localized Springs: The t–z and Q–z method......Page 800 Ultimate Lateral Pressure......Page 801 Ultimate Lateral Capacity for the Free-Head Condition......Page 803 Analytical Model and Basic Equation......Page 804 Generation of p–y Curves......Page 805 p–y Curves for Sands......Page 806 32.5.4 Lateral Spring: p–y Curves for Rock......Page 809 32.6.1 General......Page 810 32.6.2 Axial Capacity of Pile Group......Page 811 32.6.3 Settlement of a Pile Group......Page 812 32.6.4 Lateral Capacity and Deflection of a Pile Group......Page 813 32.7.1 Seismic Lateral Capacity Design of Pile Groups......Page 814 32.7.2 Determination of Pile Group Spring Constants......Page 815 32.7.3 Design of Pile Foundations against Soil Liquefaction......Page 816 Section IV - Seismic Design......Page 822 33.1 Introduction......Page 823 33.2 Seismology......Page 824 Magnitude......Page 825 Time History......Page 826 Inelastic Response Spectra......Page 828 33.4 Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration......Page 830 33.5 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis......Page 834 Basic Concepts......Page 836 Methods of Analysis......Page 838 Empirical Methods......Page 839 Analytical Methods......Page 841 33.7 Earthquake-Induced Settlement......Page 843 Settlement of Dry Sands......Page 844 Settlement of Saturated Sands......Page 845 Liquefaction......Page 847 Characterization of Earthquake Loading......Page 848 Characterization of Liquefaction Resistance......Page 849 Lateral Spreading......Page 852 Global Instability......Page 853 Retaining Structures......Page 855 33.9 Soil Improvement......Page 857 Reinforcement Techniques......Page 858 Grouting/Mixing Techniques......Page 859 34.1 Introduction......Page 865 34.2 Effects of Site Conditions......Page 866 34.3 Correlation of Damage with Construction Era......Page 868 34.4 Effects of Changes in Condition......Page 869 34.5 Effects of Structural Configuration......Page 870 34.6 Unseating at Expansion Joints......Page 871 Bridges with Short Seats and Simple Spans......Page 872 Skewed Bridges......Page 874 Hinge Restrainers......Page 875 34.7 Damage to Superstructures......Page 876 34.8 Damage to Bearings......Page 878 Columns......Page 881 Joints......Page 886 Abutments......Page 887 Foundations......Page 889 34.10 Summary......Page 890 35.1.1 Static vs. Dynamic Analysis......Page 898 35.1.2 Characteristics of Earthquake Ground Motions......Page 899 35.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System......Page 900 35.2.1 Equationof Motion......Page 901 35.2.2 Characteristics of Free Vibration......Page 902 Elastic Response Spectrum......Page 905 Elastic Design Spectrum......Page 906 Inelastic Response Spectrum......Page 907 Solution......Page 910 Undamped Free Vibration......Page 912 Damped Free Vibration......Page 913 Rayleigh Damping......Page 914 35.3.3 Modal Analysis and Modal Participation Factor......Page 915 Solution......Page 916 35.3.6 Time History Analysis......Page 918 35.4.1 Single-Mode Spectral Analysis......Page 920 35.4.2 Uniform-Load Method......Page 921 35.4.4 Multimode Spectral Analysis......Page 924 Modal Combination Rules......Page 925 35.4.4 Multiple-Support Response Spectrum Method......Page 927 35.5.1 Equationsof Motion......Page 928 35.5.2 Modeling Considerations......Page 929 35.6 Summary......Page 931 36.1 Introduction......Page 933 Classification Based on Equilibrium and Compatibility Formulations......Page 934 Classification Based on Constitutive Formulation......Page 935 36.3 Geometric Nonlinearity Formulation......Page 936 36.3.1 Two-Dimensional Members......Page 937 36.3.2 Three-Dimensional Members......Page 939 Unconfined Concrete......Page 941 Confined Concrete— Mander’s Model......Page 942 Confined Peak Stress......Page 943 36.4.1.2 Tension Stress-Strain Relationship......Page 946 36.4.2 Structural and Reinforcement Steel......Page 948 36.5.1 Basic Assumptions and Formulations......Page 949 36.5.2 Modeling and Solution Procedures......Page 950 36.5.3.2 Yield Surface Equationfor Doubly Symmetrical Steel Sections......Page 951 36.6.1 Elastic–Plastic Hinge Analysis......Page 953 36.6.3 Distributed Plasticity Analysis......Page 954 36.7.1.2 Available Ultimate Deformation Capacity......Page 955 Problem Statement......Page 956 Analysis Procedure......Page 957 Column Fixed at Bottom Case......Page 959 Column Pinned at Bottom Case......Page 962 Analysis Modeling......Page 963 Displacement Demand Estimation......Page 964 Discussion......Page 965 37.1 Introduction......Page 968 37.3.1 AASHTO-LRFD Specifications......Page 969 Seismic Loads......Page 970 Analysis Methods......Page 971 Component Design Force Effects......Page 973 Component Design Force Effects......Page 974 37.4.2 New Caltrans Seismic Design Methodology (MTD 201, 1999)......Page 976 Displacement-Based Design Approach......Page 977 Seismic Capacity of Structural Components......Page 978 Seismic Design Practice......Page 980 ATC-32 Recommendations to Caltrans......Page 981 37.5 Sample Performance-Based Criteria......Page 982 Analysis Methods......Page 983 Modeling Considerations......Page 985 Seismic Response Modification Devices......Page 986 Structural Component Classifications......Page 987 Steel Structures......Page 988 Concrete Structures......Page 995 Seismic Response Modification Devices......Page 996 Ductility and Load–Deformation Curves......Page 998 Force D/C Ratios and Ductility......Page 999 Acceptable Force D/C Ratios DCaccept for Steel Members......Page 1000 Lower Bound Acceptable D/C Ratio DCr......Page 1001 37.6 Summary......Page 1002 38.1.1 Two-Level Performance-Based Design......Page 1004 38.1.2 Elastic vs. Ductile Design......Page 1005 38.1.3 Capacity Design Approach......Page 1006 Strength......Page 1007 38.2.2 Experimentally Observed Performance......Page 1008 38.3.3 Design Flexural Strength......Page 1010 38.3.4 Moment–Curvature Analysis......Page 1012 38.3.5 Transverse Reinforcement Design......Page 1014 38.4.1 Fundamental Design Equation......Page 1015 38.4.3 Refined Shear Strength Equations......Page 1016 38.5 Moment-Resisting Connection Between Column and Beam......Page 1017 38.5.1 Design Forces......Page 1018 Vertical Reinforcement......Page 1019 Hoop or Spiral Reinforcement......Page 1020 38.6.1 Seismic Demand......Page 1021 38.6.4 Joint Shear Cracking Check......Page 1022 38.6.5 Design of Joint Shear Reinforcement......Page 1024 39.1.1 Seismic Performance Criteria......Page 1027 39.1.2 The RFactor Design Procedure......Page 1028 39.1.4 Structural Steel Materials......Page 1030 39.1.5 Capacity Design and Expected Yield Strength......Page 1031 39.1.6 Member Cyclic Response......Page 1032 39.2.1 Introduction......Page 1033 39.2.2 Design Strengths......Page 1035 39.2.4 Column-to-Beam Connections......Page 1036 39.3 Ductile Braced Frame Design......Page 1037 Bracing Connections......Page 1039 Special Requirements for Brace Configuration......Page 1040 Links......Page 1041 Link Stiffeners......Page 1042 Diagonal Brace and Beam outside of Link......Page 1043 39.4.1 Introduction......Page 1045 39.4.2 Stability of Rectangular Stiffened Box Piers......Page 1046 39.4.3 Japanese Research Prior to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake......Page 1050 39.4.4 Japanese Research after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake......Page 1052 39.5 Alternative Schemes......Page 1053 40.1 Introduction......Page 1061 40.2.1 Hazard......Page 1062 1. Identify major faults with high event probabilities (priority-one faults)......Page 1063 5. Prioritize the threatened bridges by summing weighted bridge structural and transportation cha.........Page 1064 40.3 Performance Criteria......Page 1065 40.4.1 Conceptual Design......Page 1068 Confinement Jackets......Page 1069 Ductile Concrete Column Details......Page 1071 Concrete Beam–Column–Bent Cap Details......Page 1072 Steel Bridge Retrofit......Page 1073 Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Systems......Page 1076 40.4.3 Analysis......Page 1077 40.4.4 Aesthetics......Page 1078 40.5 Construction......Page 1079 40.6 Costs......Page 1080 40.7 Summary......Page 1081 41.1 Introduction......Page 1084 41.2 Basic Concepts, Modeling, and Analysis......Page 1085 41.2.1 Earthquake Response Spectrum Analysis......Page 1086 41.2.2 Structural Dynamic Response Modifications......Page 1087 41.2.3 Modeling of Seismically Isolated Structures......Page 1088 41.2.4 Effect of Energy Dissipation on Structural Dynamic Response......Page 1090 41.3.1 Elastomeric Isolators......Page 1091 41.3.2 Sliding Isolators......Page 1093 41.3.3 Viscous Fluid Dampers......Page 1095 41.3.4 Viscoelastic Dampers......Page 1097 41.4 Performance and Testing Requirements......Page 1099 41.4.1 Seismic Isolation Devices......Page 1100 General Requirements......Page 1101 Single-Mode Spectral Analysis......Page 1102 Design Displacement and Design Force......Page 1103 Seismic Isolation Design Example......Page 1104 Force Analysis......Page 1105 Isolation Bearing Design......Page 1106 Analysis Procedures......Page 1107 41.6.2 Applications of Energy Dissipation Devices to Bridges......Page 1108 41.7 Summary......Page 1116 42.1 Introduction......Page 1119 42.2.1 Bridge Foundation Types......Page 1120 Spread Footings......Page 1121 Slender-Pile Groups......Page 1122 42.2.3 Demand vs. Capacity Evaluations......Page 1123 42.3.1 Elastodynamic Method......Page 1124 42.3.2 Empirical “p-y” Method......Page 1125 42.4 Seismic Inputs to SFSI System......Page 1128 42.4.1 Free-Field Rock-Outcrop Motions at Control-Point Location......Page 1129 42.4.2 Free-Field Rock-Outcrop Motions at Bridge Pier Support Locations......Page 1133 42.4.3 Free-Field Soil Motions......Page 1135 42.5 Characterization of Soil–Foundation System......Page 1138 42.5.1 Elastodynamic Model......Page 1140 42.5.2 Empirical p–y Model......Page 1141 42.5.3 Hybrid Model......Page 1142 42.6.1 Equations of Motion......Page 1143 Linear Modeling......Page 1144 Nonlinear Modeling......Page 1145 Multiple-Step Substructuring Approach......Page 1147 42.7.1 Caisson Foundation......Page 1150 42.7.2 Slender-Pile Group Foundation......Page 1155 42.7.3 Large-Diameter Shaft Foundation......Page 1157 42.8 Capacity Evaluations......Page 1163 42.9 Concluding Statements......Page 1166 Acknowledgment......Page 1167 43.1 Introduction......Page 1171 43.2 Analysis Techniques for Bridge Retrofit......Page 1172 43.3.1 Expansion Joints and Hinges......Page 1173 43.3.1.2 An international team of experts has joined forces to produce the Bridge Engineering Handbook. They address all facets-the planning, design, inspection, construction, and maintenance of a variety of bridge structures-creating a must-have resource for every bridge engineer. This unique, comprehensive reference provides the means to review standard practices and keep abreast of new developments and state-of-the-art practices. Comprising 67 chapters in seven sections, the authors present: Fundamentals: Provides the basic concepts and theory of bridge engineering Superstructure Design: Discusses all types of bridges Substructure Design: Addresses columns, piers, abutments, and foundations Seismic Design: Presents the latest in seismic bridge design Construction and Maintenance: Focuses on the practical issues of bridge structures Special Topics: Offers new and important information and unique solutions Worldwide Practice: Summarizes bridge engineering practices around the world. Discover virtually all you need to know about any type of bridge: Reinforced, Segmental, and Prestressed Concrete Steel beam and plate girder Steel box girder Orthotropic deck Horizontally curved Truss Arch Suspension Cable-stayed Timber Movable Floating Railroad Special attention is given to rehabilitation, retrofit, and maintenance, and the Bridge Engineering Handbook offers over 1,600 tables, charts, and illustrations in ready-to-use format. An abundance of worked-out examples give readers step-by-step design procedures and the section on Worldwide Practice provides a broad and valuable perspective on the "big picture" of bridge engineering.