Brickwork. Level 1

__Brickwork Level 1__ has been adapted from John Hodges’s classic __Brickwork for Apprentices__ – the established textbook on brickwork for bricklayers. Designed to meet new requirements of the City and Guilds bricklaying programmes, this book has been written to match the latest industry-based requirements and technical developments in the field, including recent changes to the Building Regulations. Each chapter follows the syllabus and contains a section of multiple-choice questions to provide trainees with vital practice for the job knowledge and multiple-choice tests. Highly illustrated throughout and now in full colour, this is the essential reference for qualified bricklayers and other professionals working in the construction industry, as well as students wishing to embark on a career in bricklaying. There is also the facility to access the Support Material on the Routledge website that includes: * PowerPoint slides for each chapter * Lesson plans and schemes of work * Multiple-choice questions and answers * Job knowledge questions and answers * Practical drawings and mark sheets Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1. The Construction Industry (Residential) Introduction The construction industry The construction process Building styles through the ages Roman Empire Saxon Norman Gothic Tudor Renaissance Elizabethan Jacobean Stuart Georgian Baroque Palladian Adam Regency Victorian Edwardian Modern Types of building Residential buildings Classification of dwellings Detached Semi-detached Terraced Link-detached Low-rise flats Medium-rise flats High-rise flats Restoration and heritage Listed buildings Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example The construction industry 2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry Safety legislation Prevention of hazards in the workplace Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Outline of the Act General legal requirements Notification Safety supervisor Duties Safety policy Welfare First aid Exclusion of children and others from work areas The safety officer's role The Health and Safety Inspector Outline of the Health and Safety Executive Safety procedures and documentation The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) What the regulations are about Risks common to all construction workers How COSHH affects you Summary of COSHH requirements The Control of Asbestos Regulations What is the duty? The Noise at Work Regulations 2005 What you can do Work at Height Regulations 2005 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR) Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992, amended 2018 The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997, amended 1999 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 Potential hazards relating to mechanical equipment Main types of plant and equipment Mobile plant Static plant Mechanical tools and equipment The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Electricity Transformers Connectors Plug Electric fuses PAT Testing Regulations Electric shock Emergency resuscitation Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) Control of Vibration at Work Regulations When is it hazardous? The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 Toilets Washing facilities Drinking water Changing rooms and lockers Facilities for rest Workplace safety Accidents Causes of accidents Work areas Construction site Workshop Client's property Types of hazard Hazard spotting How to spot hazards Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002 (PPER) Protective equipment CE marking Safety signs Prohibition signs Mandatory signs Warning signs Information signs Signs with supplementary text Security arrangements Visual security Individual security Site access Site security Loss of goods and materials Vandalism Injury to children Emergency procedures Responding to emergencies Accidents Immediate action First aid Accident reporting Fire and emergency procedures Exits and oxygen Fire-fighting equipment Risk assessments Health and hygiene Vulnerable parts of the body Other areas to consider Cold Heat Personal hygiene General Construction Skills Certification Scheme Handling materials and components Handling materials Lifting from the floor Carrying Lifting an item from the back of a lorry or a bench and carrying Carrying on the back Awkwardly shaped and very heavy objects Lifting gear Mechanical equipment Working platforms Before work starts Hop-ups Trestle platforms Adjustable steel trestle Splitheads Scaffold boards Overhang Lightweight staging Stepladders Wooden stepladders Parts of wooden stepladders Aluminium steps Parts of aluminium stepladders Standing ladders Double extension ladders Triple extension ladders Pole ladders Parts of ladders Safe use of ladders Raising and lowering ladders Tying ladders Lifting and carrying ladders Tower scaffolds System scaffold Low towers Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Health and safety in the construction industry 3. Communication Interpreting information Information sources Storing information Sources of information Manufacturer's technical information Specification Schedule Simple drawings Understanding working drawings Scale Scale rules Use of scales Hatchings Abbreviations Graphical symbols Colour Production drawings Location drawings Block plans Site plans Location plans Component drawings Range drawings Detail drawings Assembly drawings Understanding drawings Selecting information from simple drawings, specifications and schedules Drawings Specifications Specification details Schedules Quantities of materials Types of calculation Number Linear Superficial Cubic Examples Bricks Outline placeholder Example 1 Answer 1 Blocks Outline placeholder Example 2 Answer 2 Concrete Outline placeholder Example 3 Answer 3 Drainage Outline placeholder Example 4 Answer 4 Calculations for areas Outline placeholder Triangles Example 5 Answer 5 Quadrilaterals Example 6 Answer 6 Example 7 Answer 7 Example 8 Answer 8 Circles Example 9 Answer 9 Calculation of perimeters Rectangles Example 10 Answer 10 Example 11 Answer 11 Mortar Percentages Outline placeholder Example 12 Answer 12 Ratio Relaying information Methods of communication Orally - face to face Written Letter writing Report writing Site diary Telephone Making notes E-platforms Positive and negative communications The source of construction work The client The private sector The public sector Range of activities The building team Client Architect Private quantity surveyor Estimator Clerk of works Main contractor Site agent Contracts manager General supervisor Trades supervisors Building control officer Planning officer Civil engineer Ganger Tradespeople General operatives Safety officer Subcontractor Jobs and careers Types of work Apprentice Employee Labourer Self-employment Subcontractor Other roles in the construction industry Qualifications Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Communication 4. Construction Technology Site preparation Information from drawings Site location Setting out Ground works Site clearance Site preparation Levelling Temporary bench marks Ordnance bench marks Datum Excavations Foundations Concrete Storing, stacking and protecting materials and components Objectives of storage Purpose of storage Storage control Deliveries Stock rotation Withdrawals Security Cleanliness Safety Site storage Site compound Site stores Storage areas Workshop/yard storage Material storage Aggregates Bagged materials Bricks, blocks and stone Drainage materials Concrete goods Roofing tiles Ceramic tiles Sheet materials Plywood Plasterboard Timber lengths Paints and flammable liquids Containerized items Rolled materials Minimizing damage and waste Disposal of materials from heights Hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and debris Removal of waste How do I know what to do? Steps to be taken if the duty of care affects you Selection of resources Setting out materials Minimizing risks Transporting bricks Damp-proof course Rigid Bricks Semi-rigid Mastic asphalt Flexible Lead and copper Bitumen-based products Polythene Roofs Basic roof forms Roof terminology Construction terminology Connectors Wall plates Roof truss fixing Eaves detail Flat roofs Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Construction technology 5. Tools Select tools and equipment Tool kit Brick trowel Pointing trowels Jointing tools Line and pins Club or lump hammer Brick hammer Bolster chisels Comb hammer Scutch Cold chisels Comb chisel Plugging chisel Measuring tapes and rules Hand hawk Hand brush Small square Dividers Bricklayer's sliding bevel Pair of trammel heads Pencil Masonry hand saw Retractable blade knife Spirit levels Checking the spirit level Checking for level Checking for plumb Items of equipment additional to the tool kit Brick-cutting gauge Corner blocks Frenchman Storey rod Feather edge pointing rule Maintenance of tools Safety Eyes Heads Feet Hearing Lungs Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Tools 6. Preparing and Mixing Concrete and Mortar Safe work practices Types of instruction Manufacturers' technical information Organization handbooks and manuals Legal documents General reference books Legislation Building Regulations Town and Country Planning Acts Other legislation British Standards British Standard Codes of Practice Agrément Certificate European Standards Respond to emergencies Safety Stress injuries Material handling Mechanical injuries Chemical injuries Maintaining safety Security procedures Materials suitability Characteristics of materials Aggregates Fine aggregates Silt test for sand Coarse aggregates Shapes Surface area Lime Cement Modified Portland cements Rapid-hardening cement Sulphate-resisting cement White cement Coloured cements Water-repellent cements Masonry cement Low-heat Portland cement Plasticizer Water Retarder Colouring agent Mortars Purpose Types of mortar Selection of mortar Mixing mortar Mixing water Batching Retarded ready-to-use mortar Dry silo mortars Mortar testing Sulphate attack on Portland cement mortars Reinforced mortars Concrete Constituents Manufacture of concrete Plastic stage Mixing Placing Compaction Rigid stage Curing The concrete mix Type of mix Mixing by volume Mixing by mass Consistence (workability) Mixing Mix proportions Hand mixing Concrete volume batching Machine mixing Example 1 Mix proportions Formulae Mixing time Bulking of sand Water:cement ratio Example 2 Example 3 Testing concrete The slump test Testing of hardened concrete: cube moulds Sampling the concrete Filling the moulds Initial curing Testing of the cubes Quantities of materials Yield Typical concrete mixes Working out the quantities of materials in volume Example 4 Example 5 Answer 5 Example 6 Answer 6 Typical mortar mixes Mortar calculations Brick calculations Equipment required for mixing Hand mixing Area Mixing concrete or mortar by hand Mixing materials by mechanical mixer Premixed mortars Advantages Disadvantages Transporting mortar Concrete Constituents Manufacture of concrete Formwork Reinforcement Release agent Damp-proof membrane Striking formwork Transporting concrete Placing concrete Compacting concrete Finishing concrete Curing concrete Maintenance of tools and equipment Team working Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Preparing and mixing concrete and mortar 7. Setting Out Basic Masonry Structures Types of instruction Information from drawings Application of scales Identifying and taking off dimensions Taking off Site location Examples of various setting-out drawings Working drawings Information from specifications Bills of quantities Schedules Manufacturer's information Selection of resources Setting out equipment Tapes Spirit levels Straight edge Ranging lines Hammers Builder's square Builder's square 3:4:5 method Maintenance of setting-out equipment Tapes Builder's squares, etc Automatic level Checking spirit levels Checking for level Site clearance Services Setting-out calculations 3:4:5 Right angle Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Minimize the risk of damage Accident reporting Site security Visual security Individual security Safety on site and in the workshop Stacking and storing reusable materials and components Hazards Remedial actions Disposal of waste Removal of waste Protection of the surrounding area Setting out Degree of accuracy Procedure for setting out Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Profiles Single profile type Transferring levels Straight edge and spirit level Boning rods Water level Cowley level Laser level The optical site square Completing the work on time Setting out brickwork and blockwork Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Setting Out Basic Masonry Structures 8. Laying Bricks to Line Bonding of brickwork Brick proportions Understanding brick dimensions Dimensional deviations On-site test Bonding Purposes of bonding Principles of bonding Rules of bonding Types of bond English bond Collar joints Stretcher course Header course Flemish bond Setting-out facework in a wall without openings Dry bonding Craft operations Cutting bricks Bricklaying Handling the trowel and mortar Spreading the bed joints Handling bricks Applying the cross-joints Laying bricks Protection Erecting a half-brick wall quoin Tee junctions and double angle returns Building a one-brick wall Raising quoins on one-brick walls Profiles Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Laying bricks to line 9. Laying Blockwork to Line Types of block Concrete blocks Special blocks Load-bearing blocks Non-load-bearing blocks Foundation blocks Block sizes Clay blocks Specials Setting out blockwork Types and method of construction Setting out Cutting blocks Bonding Quoins Plumbing blockwork Broken bond Reverse bond Junction walls Bonding to brick walls Pillars and piers Blockwork quoins Lintel bearings Block bonding Partition walls Blocks below ground level Laying blocks Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Laying blockwork 10. Cavity Walling Definition of cavity walls Purpose of cavity walls Building Regulations Function of cavity walls Thermal insulation Wall ties Coring holes Cavity walls below ground level Resistance to damp Working below ground level Foundation blocks Stepped foundations Provision for services Sand courses Concrete beams Welsh arch Raft foundations Protection of work Weather protection Working at heights General scaffold information General safety Access Guardrails and toeboards Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Cavity walling 11. Joint Finishes Joint finishing Jointing Pointing Appearance Mortar mixes Timing Types of joint finish Weather struck joint Struck joint Flush joint Keyed joint - rounded or tooled Recessed joint Tools and equipment Pointing Repointing Prior work Access Techniques Jointing Pointing Summary Multiple-choice questions Self-assessment Example Jointing and pointing 12. Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 1. The Construction Industry (Residential) Chapter 2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry Chapter 3. Communication Chapter 4. Construction Technology Chapter 5. Tools Chapter 6. Preparing and Mixing Concrete and Mortar Chapter 7. Setting Out Basic Masonry Structures Chapter 8. Laying Bricks to Line Chapter 9. Laying Blockwork to Line Chapter 10. Cavity Walling Chapter 11. Joint Finishes Index