Braun-Falco ́s Dermatology (Springer Reference) 4th Ed Editors, Gerd Plewig, Lars French, Thomas Ruzicka, Roland Kaufmann, Michael Hertl

Preface Contents The Editors Contributors Part I: Basic Principles 1 Introduction to the Skin and Dermatology 1 The Skin: A Comprehensive Organ 2 Structure of the Skin 2.1 Embryonic Development of the Skin 2.2 Epidermis and Skin Appendages (Adnexa) 2.3 Dermo-epidermal Junction Zone 3 Functions of the Skin 4 Skin Barrier 5 Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammation 6 Skin Aging 7 Wound Healing 8 Skin Changes and Distribution Patterns 8.1 Primary Efflorescences 8.1.1 Macula (Spot) 8.1.2 Urticaria (Wheals) and Angioedema 8.1.3 Papula (Papule), Nodus (Node), Plaque 8.1.4 Vesicle (Blister), Bulla (Bubble) 8.1.5 Pustula (Pustule) 8.2 Secondary Efflorescences 8.2.1 Crusta (Crust, Bark), Necrosis (Scab) 8.2.2 Squama (Scale) 8.2.3 Erosio (Erosion), Ulcus (Ulcer) 8.2.4 Excoriation, Rhagade, Fissure 8.2.5 Cicatrix (Scar) 8.2.6 Atrophy 8.3 Further Skin Changes 8.3.1 Purpura 8.3.2 Pachydermia 8.3.3 Lichenification 8.3.4 Poikiloderma 8.3.5 Erythrodermia 8.4 Distribution and Arrangement of Efflorescences 8.4.1 Distribution 8.4.2 Arrangement 8.4.3 Shape 9 From Clinics to Diagnosis: Dermatological Diagnostics 10 Dermatological Examination 10.1 Anamnesis 10.1.1 Family Anamnesis 10.1.2 General Anamnesis 10.1.3 Personal Anamnesis 10.1.4 Current Anamnesis 10.1.5 Physical Examination References Textbooks/Manuals Other Literature Web Pages 2 Immunology 1 Introduction 2 Terms and Structures 3 Innate Immunity 3.1 Basic Principles 3.2 Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns with Particular Focus on Toll-Like Receptors 3.3 Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern 3.4 Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome 3.5 Antimicrobial Peptides 3.6 Natural Killer Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cells 3.7 Antigen-Presenting Cells 3.7.1 Dendritic Cells 3.8 The Importance of the Skin Microbiota 4 Adaptive Immunity 4.1 Fundamentals 4.2 Lymphocytes 4.2.1 B Lymphocytes 4.2.2 T Lymphocytes CD4+ T Lymphocytes CD8+ T Lymphocytes 4.3 The Immunological Synapse 4.3.1 Immune Checkpoints Co-Stimulatory Molecules Co-Inhibitory Molecules 5 Immunological Memory 6 Immunity, Allergy, and Autoimmunity 7 Immune Tolerance and Termination of Immune Responses 8 Therapeutic Approaches References 3 Genetics 1 Introduction 2 Important Terms in Genetics 2.1 Mutations 2.2 Inheritance Typical 2.2.1 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 2.2.2 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 2.2.3 Codominant Inheritance 2.2.4 Pleiotropism 2.2.5 X-Chromosomal Inheritance X-Linked Recessive Inheritance X-Chromosomal Dominant Inheritance X-Inactivation (Lyonization) Bypassing X-Inactivation 2.2.6 Y-Chromosomal Inheritance 2.2.7 Mitochondrial Inheritance 2.3 Unusual Inheritance 2.3.1 Sex Limitation 2.3.2 Anticipation 2.3.3 Uniparental Disomy 2.3.4 Genomic Imprinting 2.3.5 Combined Heterozygosity 2.3.6 Pseudo Dominance 2.3.7 Paradominance 2.3.8 Twin Spots 2.3.9 Point Mutation and Deletion 2.3.10 Extended Gene Deletion (Contiguous Gene Syndrome) 2.3.11 Genetic Heterogeneity 2.4 Tumor-Associated Genes 2.4.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes 2.4.2 Oncogenes 2.4.3 DNA Repair Genes 2.5 Other Special Features 2.5.1 Immortalization 2.5.2 Cytogenetic Defects 2.5.3 Multifactorial Inheritance 3 Genetic Counseling, Prenatal Diagnostics, and Gene Therapy 3.1 Genetic Counseling 3.2 Prenatal Diagnostics 3.3 Gene Therapy References Textbooks Databases Part II: Diagnostic Tools 4 Dermatopathology 1 Introduction 2 Indication for Dermatohistopathological Examination 3 Selection of Biopsy Site and Biopsy Technique 3.1 Biopsy Site 3.2 Biopsy Technique 3.2.1 Punch Biopsy 3.2.2 Incision or Excision Biopsy 3.2.3 Shave Biopsy 3.2.4 Electrosurgery, Ablative Lasers 3.3 Shipping and Preparation of the Tissue Sample 3.3.1 Shipment 3.3.2 Preparation of the Tissue Sample in the Laboratory 4 Microscopic Examination and Findings 4.1 Diagnostic Approach for Inflammatory Dermatoses 4.2 Diagnostic Approach for Neoplasms, Cysts, or Hamartomas 4.3 Interpretation of Histological Findings 4.4 Glossary of Basic Dermatohistological Terms References 5 Dermatoscopy 1 Introduction 2 Diagnostic Procedure for Pigmented Skin Lesions 3 Diagnosis of Nonmelanocytic and Hypomelanotic or Amelanotic Melanocytic Lesions 4 Dermatoscopy for Pathogen-Induced Skin Diseases (Entodermoscopy) 5 Dermatoscopy for Inflammatory Skin Diseases (Inflammoscopy) 6 Computer-Assisted Dermatoscopy and Artificial Intelligence References First Describer 6 Ultrasonography of Skin and Lymph Nodes 1 Introduction 2 Ultrasound Phenomena, Mode Technologies, Image Documentation 3 Medium-Frequency Ultrasound (7.5-18 MHz) 3.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications 3.1.1 Lymph nodes 3.2 Special Procedures 3.2.1 Contrast-Enhanced Sonography 3.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology 4 High Frequency Ultrasound (20-50 MHz) 4.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications 4.1.1 Tumor Diagnostics 4.1.2 Chronic Inflammatory and Fibrosing Diseases References 7 Other Skin Imaging Technologies 1 Introduction 2 Imaging Methods 2.1 Confocal Laser Microscopy 2.2 Optical Coherence Tomography 2.3 Multiphoton Tomography 2.4 Profilometry 3 Functional Procedures 3.1 Barrier Function 3.2 Hydration 3.3 Skin Color 3.4 pH Value 3.5 Sebum Content 3.6 Scaling 3.7 Elasticity 3.8 Oxygen Supply and Blood Circulation of the Skin References Part III: Infectious Diseases: Viruses 8 Human Papilloma Virus Infections 1 Introduction 2 Warts 2.1 Verrucae Vulgares 2.2 Verrucae Plantares 2.3 Verrucae Planae Juveniles 2.4 Genital Warts 2.4.1 Condylomata Acuminata 2.4.2 Condylomata Plana 2.4.3 Bowenoid Papulosis 2.4.4 Condylomata Gigantea 2.5 Warts of the Oral Mucosa 2.5.1 Tumors of the Head and Neck Region Laryngeal Papillomas Laryngeal Carcinomas Oropharyngeal Carcinomas (Oropharyngeal Carcinomas) 2.5.2 Oral Warts Verrucae Vulgares Condylomata Acuminata Disseminated Oral Papillomatosis Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia 2.6 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis 2.7 Floride Oral Papillomatosis 2.8 Warts in Immunosuppressed Patients References First Describer 9 Human Herpes Viruses 1 Introduction 2 Diseases Caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus 2.1 Primary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 2.1.1 Gingivostomatitis Herpetica Aphthoid of Pospischill-Feyrter 2.1.2 Primary Genital Herpes 2.1.3 Neonatal Herpes 2.1.4 CNS Infections 2.2 Secondary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 2.2.1 Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Infections 2.2.2 Eczema Herpeticum 2.3 Complications of Herpes Simplex Infections 2.4 Herpes Simplex Infections of the Eye 2.5 Herpes Simplex Infections in Immunocompromised Individuals 3 Varicella Zoster Virus Diseases 3.1 Varicella 3.2 Zoster 4 Diseases Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus 4.1 Infectious Mononucleosis 5 Diseases Caused by Cytomegalovirus 6 Diseases Caused by Other Human Herpes Viruses 6.1 Human Herpes Virus 6 6.2 Human Herpes Virus 7 6.3 Human Herpes Virus 8 References First Describer 10 Other Viral Infections of the Skin 1 Smallpox Virus 1.1 Orthopox Viruses 1.1.1 Smallpox 1.1.2 Vaccinia 1.1.3 Catpox 1.1.4 Human Monkeypox 1.2 Parapoxviruses 1.2.1 Milker´s Nodule 1.2.2 Ecthyma Contagiosum 1.3 Molluscum Contagiosum 2 Picornaviruses 2.1 Enteroviruses 2.1.1 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Classic) 2.1.2 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Atypical) 2.1.3 Herpangina 2.2 Parechoviruses 3 The Six Classic Infectious Diseases 3.1 Measles 3.2 Scarlet Fever 3.3 Rubella 3.4 Rubeola Scarlatinosa 3.5 Erythema Infectiosum 3.6 Exanthema Subitum 4 Paraviral Exanthems 4.1 Papular-Purpuric Gloves-and-Socks Syndrome 4.2 Asymmetric Periflexural and Unilateral Mediothoracic Exanthem 4.3 Eruptive Pseudoangiomatosis 4.4 Eruptive Hypomelanosis 4.5 Additional Virus Infections 4.5.1 Infectious Dermatitis 4.5.2 Virus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa 4.5.3 Flavovirus Infections Tick Encephalitis Dengue Fever Yellow Fever Chikungunya 4.5.4 Infections by Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis References Smallpox Viruses Picornaviruses The Six Classic Infectious Diseases/Paraviral Exanthema First Describer 11 Coronaviruses 1 HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1 2 SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 2.1 Possible Origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 3 Coronavirus Genome Structure and Gene Expression 4 Epidemiology and Transmission 5 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations 6 Diagnosis and Therapy 7 Prevention 7.1 General Measures 7.2 Vaccination 7.3 Reporting Obligation References Part IV: Infectious Diseases: Bacteria 12 Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Diseases of the Skin 1 Introduction 1.1 Current Resistance Situation 1.1.1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates 1.1.2 Procedure for MRSA Elimination in Colonized Persons in the Outpatient Setting 2 Pyoderma 2.1 Impetigo Contagiosa 2.2 Ecthyma 3 Chronic Pyoderma 3.1 Chancriform Pyoderma 3.2 Pyoderma Vegetans 3.3 Cutaneous Botryomycosis 4 Erysipelas 5 Phlegmon and Abscess 5.1 Neck Phlegmon 5.2 Necrotizing Fasciitis 5.2.1 Fournier Gangrene as a Special Form of Necrotizing Fasciitis 6 Streptogenic Perianal Dermatitis 7 Folliculitis 7.1 Folliculitis Simplex 7.2 Special Clinical Forms 7.2.1 Folliculitis Simplex Barbae 7.2.2 Eczematous Nasal Vestibulitis 7.3 Acne Necroticans 8 Furuncles and Carbuncles 9 Infections in Special Localizations 9.1 Hordeolum 9.2 Panaritium 9.3 Felon 10 Skin Diseases Mediated by Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxins 10.1 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 10.2 Staphylogenic Toxic Shock Syndrome 10.3 Recalcitrant Erythematous Desquamating Disorder 10.4 Recurrent Toxin-Mediated Perineal Erythema 10.5 Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever 10.6 Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 10.7 Scarlet Fever 11 Secondary Skin Changes Due to Streptococci References First Describer Further Literature 13 Other Bacterial Infections of the Skin 1 Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods 1.1 Erythrasma 1.2 Trichobacteriosis Palmellina 1.3 Keratoma Sulcatum 1.4 Diphtheria 1.5 Other Coryneform Bacteria 2 Other Gram-Positive Bacteria 2.1 Actinomycosis 2.2 Whipple´s Disease 2.3 Anthrax 2.4 Listeriosis 2.5 Nocardiosis 2.6 Erysipeloid 2.7 Pneumococcal Infection 2.8 Meningococcal Infection 3 Gram-Negative Bacteria 3.1 Gram-Negative Folliculitis 3.1.1 After Antibiotic Long-Term Therapy of Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea 3.1.2 Gram-Negative Folliculitis as a Complication after Epilation 3.1.3 Whirlpool Dermatitis 3.1.4 Hot Foot Syndrome 3.2 Bowel Bypass Syndrome 3.3 Bartonellosis 3.3.1 Cat Scratch Disease 3.3.2 Verruga Peruana, Carrion Disease, Oroya Fever 3.4 Rickettsiosis 3.5 Infections by Enterobacteriaceae 3.5.1 Escherichia coli Infections 3.5.2 Rhinoscleroma 3.5.3 Other Klebsiella Infections 3.5.4 Proteus Infection 3.5.5 Typhoid Fever 3.5.6 Other Salmonella Infections 3.5.7 Plague 3.5.8 Yersiniosis 3.5.9 Vibrio Infection 3.6 Helicobacter Infections 3.7 Malleus 3.8 Melioidosis 3.9 Other Pseudomonas Infections 3.10 Haemophilus influenzae Infection 3.11 Pasteurella multocida Infection 3.12 Infections with Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Branhamella 3.13 Clostridia Infections 3.14 Tularemia 3.15 Brucellosis 3.16 Rat Bite Disease 4 Mixed Infections 4.1 Noma 4.2 Ulcus Tropicum 4.3 Animal Bites References Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods Other Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Mixed Infections First Describers 14 Lyme Borreliosis and Other Nonvenereal Spirochetal Infections 1 Lyme Borreliosis 1.1 Dermatoborrelioses 1.1.1 Erythema Migrans (Afzelius 1910; Lipschütz 1913) 1.1.2 Borrelial Lymphocytoma (Burckhardt 1911; Bäfverstedt 1943) 1.1.3 Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans (Buchwald 1883; Herxheimer and Hartmann 1902) 1.2 Diagnosis and Therapy of Dermatoborrelioses 1.3 Extracutaneous Manifestations 1.4 Lyme Borreliosis in Children 1.5 Lyme Borreliosis During Pregnancy 1.6 Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome 2 Leptospirosis (Weil 1886) 3 Relapsing Fever (Rutty 1770; Craigie 1843; Obermeier 1873) References Lyme Borreliosis Leptospirosis Relapsing Fever First Describer 15 Mycobacterial Infections of the Skin 1 Introduction 2 Skin Tuberculosis 2.1 Multibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis 2.1.1 Tuberculous Primary Complex of the Skin 2.1.2 Tuberculosis Cutis Colliquativa 2.1.3 Tuberculosis Ulcerosa Mucosae et Cutis 2.1.4 Tuberculosis Cutis Miliaris Disseminata 2.1.5 Metastatic Tuberculous Abscesses 2.2 Paucibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis 2.2.1 Tuberculosis Cutis Verrucosa (Riehl and Paltauf 1886) 2.2.2 Lupus Vulgaris (Robert Willan, 1757-1812) 2.3 Tuberculids (Darier 1896) 2.3.1 Lichenoid Skin Tuberculid (Hebra 1860) 2.3.2 Histopathology 2.3.3 Papulonecrotic Tuberculid 2.3.4 Erythema Induratum (Bazin 1861) 3 Leprosy (Hansen 1874) 3.1 Basic Principles and Clinical Forms 3.1.1 Indeterminate Leprosy 3.1.2 Multibacillary Leprosy (Lepromatous Leprosy) 3.1.3 Paucibacillary Leprosy (Tuberculoid Leprosy) 3.1.4 Intermediate Leprosy (Borderline Leprosy) 3.1.5 Leprosy Reactions 3.2 Diagnostics and Therapy 4 Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterioses 4.1 Infections with Mycobacterium marinum (Norden and Linell 1951) 4.2 Infections with Mycobacterium ulcerans (MacCallum et al. 1948) 4.3 Infections with Pathogens of the Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex References Tuberculosis of the Skin Leprosy Skin Infections by Other Mycobacteria First Describer Part V: Infectious Diseases: Fungi 16 Fungal Infections 1 Introduction 2 Superficial Mycoses - Dermatophytoses 2.1 Tinea of the Glabrous Skin (Epidermomycosis) 2.1.1 Tinea Faciei/Corporis 2.1.2 Tinea Inguinalis 2.1.3 Tinea Manus 2.1.4 Tinea Pedis 2.1.5 Onychomycosis 2.2 Trichomycoses 2.2.1 Tinea Capitis (Sensu Stricto) 2.2.2 Small-Spored Ectothrix Tinea Capitis (Microsporosis) 2.2.3 Favus 2.2.4 Tinea Barbae 2.2.5 Nodular Granulomatous Perifolliculitis (Granuloma Trichophyticum) 2.3 Mycid 3 Superficial Mycoses - Candidosis and Other Yeast Infections 3.1 Candidosis 3.1.1 Candida Intertrigo 3.1.2 Interdigital Candidosis 3.1.3 Candidosis in the Diaper Area (Napkin Dermatitis) 3.1.4 Candida Paronychia and Candida Onychomycosis 3.1.5 Candidosis of the Oral Mucosa 3.1.6 Candida Folliculitis 3.1.7 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis 3.1.8 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 3.1.9 Candida Balanitis 3.2 Diseases Caused by Malassezia Yeasts 3.2.1 Pityriasis Versicolor 3.2.2 Seborrheic Dermatitis 3.2.3 Malassezia Folliculitis 3.2.4 Further Malassezia-Associated Diseases 4 Rarer superficial dermatomycoses 4.1 Piedra 4.1.1 White Piedra 4.1.2 Black Piedra 4.2 Tinea nigra 5 Subcutaneous Mycoses 5.1 Sporotrichosis 5.2 Chromoblastomycosis 5.3 Phaeohyphomycosis 5.3.1 Cutaneous Alternariosis 5.4 Mycetoma 6 Systemic Fungal Infections 6.1 Cryptococcosis 6.2 Blastomycosis 6.3 Paracoccidioidomycosis 6.4 Histoplasmosis 6.5 Coccidioidomycosis References Dermatophytoses Yeast Infections Subcutaneous Mycoses Systemic Mycoses First Describer Further Literature Part VI: Infectious Diseases: Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Introduction 1 Introduction References Internet Pages Further Literature 18 Gonorrhea and Urethritis 1 Introduction 2 Gonorrhea 3 Chlamydia trachomatis Infections 4 Mycoplasma genitalium 5 Other Pathogens of Urethritis 5.1 Urethritis Caused by Other Bacteria 5.2 Candida Urethritis 5.3 Viral Urethritis 5.4 Trichomonas Vaginalis 6 Non-infectious Forms of Urethritis References Internet Pages (Accessed 19.-25.05.2019) Gonorrhea Chlamydia Trachomatis Mycoplasma Genitalium Trichomonas Vaginalis First Describer 19 Syphilis 1 Introduction 2 Clinical Stages 2.1 Early Syphilis 2.1.1 Primary Stage 2.1.2 Secondary Stage 2.2 Late Syphilis 2.2.1 Late Latency 2.2.2 Tertiary Stage 2.3 Neurosyphilis 2.3.1 Meningovascular Neurosyphilis 2.3.2 Parenchymatous Neurosyphilis 2.4 Congenital Syphilis 2.5 Syphilis in HIV Infection 3 Nonvenereal Treponematosis 3.1 Yaws 3.2 Pinta 3.3 Endemic Syphilis (``Bejel´´) References Introduction to Syphilis Nonvenereal Treponematosis First Describers Web Pages 20 Other Venereal Infections 1 Lymphogranuloma Venereum 2 Chancroid 3 Donovanosis 4 Zika Virus Infection References Lymphogranuloma Venereum Chancroid Donovanosis Zika Virus First Describer 21 HIV/AIDS 1 Introduction 1.1 HIV: History, Pathogens, and Etiopathogenesis 1.2 HIV: Epidemiology 1.3 HIV: Classification 1.4 HIV: Test Indications, Methods 1.5 HIV: Examinations After Diagnosis 1.5.1 Patient History, Initial Examinations 1.5.2 Clinical Examination 1.5.3 Laboratory Investigations 2 Antiretroviral Therapy 2.1 Basics of Therapy 2.2 Antiretroviral Drug Classes 2.3 Time of Start of Therapy 2.4 Undesirable Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs 2.5 cART and Prognosis 3 Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection 3.1 Acute Retroviral Syndrome 3.2 Frequently Associated Infectious Skin Diseases 3.2.1 Viral Infections Herpes Simplex Virus Varicella Zoster Virus Cytomegalovirus Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Human Papillomaviruses Molluscum Contagiosum 3.2.2 Fungal Infections Candidiasis Black Hairy Tongue Talaromycosis Malassezia furfur Folliculitis Dermatophytes Pneumocystis jirovecii Deep Fungal Infections Aspergillus fumigatus 3.2.3 Bacterial Infections Pyoderma Deep Bacterial Infections Folliculitis Bacillary Angiomatosis Syphilis Laboratory Investigations Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of the Skin Other Mycobacteria 3.2.4 Ectoparasites Scabies Protozoal Infections 3.3 Frequently Associated Tumors 3.3.1 Kaposi´s Sarcoma 3.3.2 Lymphomas 3.3.3 Carcinomas 3.4 Miscellaneous Skin Diseases 3.4.1 Seborrheic Eczema 3.4.2 Psoriasis 3.4.3 Balanitis Circinata 3.4.4 Atopic Eczema 3.4.5 Xerosis and Pruritus 3.4.6 Papular Itchy Eruption 3.4.7 Eosinophilic Folliculitis 3.4.8 Photosensitivity 3.4.9 Hair Diseases and Other Comorbidities 3.4.10 Autoimmune Diseases Aphthae Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 3.5 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 4 HIV/AIDS in Children 5 Prophylaxis and General Health Measures 5.1 Mother-to-Child Transmission 5.2 Prophylaxis of Opportunistic infections 5.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis 5.4 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis References First Describer Part VII: Infectious Diseases: Parasitic Infections 22 Protozoal Infections 1 Introduction 2 Leishmaniasis 2.1 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 2.2 Visceral Leishmaniasis 2.2.1 Kala Azar 2.2.2 Dermal Post-Kala-Azar Leishmaniasis 3 Trichomoniasis 4 Amebiasis 5 Rhinosporidiosis 6 Other Protozoan Infections References Leishmaniasis Trichomoniasis Amebiasis First Describer 23 Diseases Caused by Arthropods 1 Introduction 2 Insects (Insecta) 2.1 Permanent Ectoparasitic Insects 2.1.1 Pediculosis Pediculosis Capitis Pediculosis Corporis Pediculosis pubis (Phthiriasis pubis) 2.2 Temporary Ectoparasitic Insects 2.2.1 Cimicosis 2.2.2 Stings from Tropical Bugs 2.2.3 Stings from Fleas (Siphonaptera) Puliculosis Tungiasis 2.3 True Flies (Diptera) 2.3.1 Stings from Nematocera 2.3.2 Stings from Flies (Brachycera) Horse-Flies (Tabanidae) Real Flies (Muscidae) Stings from Louse Flies (Hippoboscidae) 2.3.3 Myiasis 2.4 Nonparasitic Insects 2.4.1 Stings from Hymenoptera 2.4.2 Dermatitis from Butterfly Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) 2.4.3 Dermatitis from Beetles or Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera) Other Beetle Species 3 Arachnids (Spiders) 3.1 Permanent Parasitic Mites (Acari) 3.1.1 Scabies 3.1.2 Special Clinical Forms Nodular Scabies and Persistent Post-Scabietic Nodules Post-Scabietic Pruritus Scabies Crustosa Drug-Resistant Scabies Scabiophobia 3.1.3 Demodicosis 3.2 Temporary Accidental Parasitic Mites 3.2.1 Mange Mite Infestation 3.2.2 Cheyletiellosis 3.3 Predatory Mites 3.3.1 Gamasoidosis 3.3.2 Trombidiosis 3.3.3 Straw Mite Infestation 3.4 Ticks 3.4.1 Tick Bites by Ixodes ricinus 3.5 Nonparasitic Mites 3.5.1 Dermatitis from Food or Stock Mites (Tyroglyphoidea) 3.5.2 Dermatitis from House Dust Mites (Pyroglyphidae) 3.6 Nonparasitic Arachnids 3.6.1 Bites from Spiders (Araneae) Bites from the Yellow Sac Spider (Cheiracanthium punctorium) Bites from the Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) Bites from Loxosceles Spiders (Loxosceles spp.) 3.7 Scorpions (Scorpiones) 3.7.1 Bites from Scorpions 4 Myriapoda 4.1 Bites from Centipede (Chilopoda) 4.2 Dermatitis from Millipede (Diplopoda) References First Describer 24 Diseases Caused by Worms 1 Introduction 2 Roundworms (Nemathelminthes) 2.1 Enterobiasis 2.2 Askariasis 2.3 Cutaneous Larva Migrans 2.4 Other Nematode Infections 2.4.1 Strongyloidiasis 2.4.2 Trichuriasis 2.4.3 Trichinosis 2.4.4 Lymphatic Filariasis 2.4.5 Loiasis 2.4.6 Onchocerciasis 2.4.7 Dracunculosis 2.4.8 Gnathostomiasis 3 Flatworms (Plathelminthes) 3.1 Cestodes (Tapeworms) 3.1.1 Cysticercosis 3.1.2 Echinococcosis 3.1.3 Other Cestus Infections 3.2 Trematodes (Flukes) 3.2.1 Bilharziosis 3.2.2 Other Trematode Infections References First Describer Part VIII: Allergy and Intolerance Reactions 25 Basic Principles in Allergology and Hypersensitivity Reactions 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Immunity and Allergy 2.1 Induction of Immunity 2.2 Innate Immunity 2.3 Acquired Immunity 3 Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions 3.1 Acute Toxic and Cumulative Toxic Hypersensitivity Reactions 3.2 Intolerance Reactions 3.3 IgE-Mediated (Immediate-Type) Reaction (Type I Allergy According to Coombs and Gell) 3.4 Humoral Cytotoxic Immune Response (Type II According to Coombs and Gell) 3.5 Immune Complex-Mediated Immune Response (Type III According to Coombs and Gell) 3.6 Delayed-Type Cellular Immune Reactions (Type IV According to Coombs and Gell) 3.7 Diseases with Combined Immune Reaction Types According to Coombs and Gell References 26 Immediate-Type Allergy: Rhinoconjunctivitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis 1 Introduction 2 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis 3 Allergic Bronchial Asthma 4 Anaphylaxis References 27 Food Allergy 1 Definition and Epidemiology 2 Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Features 3 Diagnostic Procedure 4 Special Features in the Clarification of Suspected Food Allergy in Eczematous Diseases 5 Therapy References 28 Bee and Wasp Venom Allergy 1 Introduction 2 Diagnostics and Therapy of Sting Reactions 2.1 Large Local Sting Reactions 2.2 Immediate Generalized Allergic Reaction 2.3 Other Systemic Reactions: Intoxication 2.4 Unusual Sting Reactions References 29 Urticaria and Angioedema 1 Introduction 2 Urticaria 2.1 Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.1 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.2 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood 2.1.3 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.4 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood 2.2 Chronic Inducible Urticaria 2.2.1 Dermographism Asymptomatic Urticarial Dermographism 2.2.2 Symptomatic Urticarial Dermographism 2.2.3 Cold Urticaria 2.2.4 Heat Urticaria 2.2.5 Delayed-Pressure Urticaria 2.2.6 Solar Urticaria 2.2.7 X-Ray Urticaria 2.2.8 Vibratory Angioedema 2.2.9 Contact Urticaria 2.2.10 Cholinergic Urticaria 2.2.11 Exercise-Induced Urticaria 2.2.12 Adrenergic Urticaria 2.2.13 Aquagenic Urticaria 3 Angioedema 3.1 Mast Cell- (Histamine-)Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency 3.2 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency 3.3 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency 3.3.1 Hereditary Angioedema, Type I and II 3.4 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with Normal C1-INH 3.4.1 Hereditary Angioedema with FXII Mutation (Dewald and Bork 2006) 3.4.2 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Angiopoietin (ANGPT1) Gene 3.4.3 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Plasminogen (PLG) Gene 3.4.4 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Kininogen-1 Gene 3.4.5 Hereditary Angioedema with Unknown Mutation (HAE-UKN) 3.5 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency References First Describer 30 Contact Dermatitis 1 Introduction 1.1 Pathophysiology and Symptomatic 1.2 Special Aspects of Therapy 1.2.1 Skin Cleansing and Hair Washing 1.2.2 Indifferent Topical (Vehicle) Therapy 1.2.3 Acute Skin Changes Acute Contact Dermatitis Chronic Contact Eczema 1.2.4 Localization of Skin Changes Intertriginous Skin Areas Palmae and Plantae Scalp Genitals 1.2.5 Skin Type 1.2.6 Specific Topical Therapy Glucocorticoids Tar or Tar-like Active Substances Salicylic Acid Urea Phototherapy Antimicrobial Bath Therapy Further Therapeutics 1.2.7 Systemic Therapy Glucocorticoids Retinoids Antihistamines (H1 Blockers) Antibiotics Immunosuppressants 1.2.8 Further Recommendations Aftercare Diet Psychological Care Hyposensitization (Specific Immunotherapy) 2 Irritant Contact Dermatitis 2.1 Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis 2.2 Chronic Irritant Contact Eczema 2.3 Hyperkeratotic Rhagadiform Hand and Foot Eczema 2.4 Pityriasis Simplex 2.4.1 Pityriasis Simplex Capillitii 2.4.2 Pityriasis Simplex of Face or Body 2.5 Exsiccation Eczema 2.6 Intertrigo 2.7 Diaper Dermatitis 2.8 Granuloma Gluteale Infantum 2.9 Peristomal Eczema 2.10 Pomade Crust 3 Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.1 Definition and Epidemiology 3.2 Pathophysiology 3.2.1 Contact Sensitization Induction Phase Trigger Phase 3.2.2 Resistance and Immunotolerance 3.2.3 Other Pathophysiologically Important Factors Sensitization Potential of Contact Allergens Genetics Local Factors Other Individual Protective and Risk-Increasing Factors 3.2.4 Contact Allergens Plants Local Therapeutics Garments Jewelry and Tattoos Cosmetics Professional Contact Allergens 3.3 Clinical Signs and Course 3.4 Acute Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.5 Chronic Allergic Contact Eczema 3.6 Special Forms of Allergic Contact Eczema 3.6.1 Palmae and Plantae 3.6.2 Allergic Contact Reactions on Mucous Membranes 3.6.3 Hematogenous Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.6.4 Non-Allergic Hematogenous Contact Dermatitis Differential Diagnoses 3.7 Diagnostics 3.7.1 Epicutaneous Patch Test Indication Contraindications Side Effects Prerequisites, Patient Education Test Site Test Substances Test Procedure Reading the Test Reactions Interpretation of Test Results, Clinical Relevance 3.7.2 In Vitro Methods 3.7.3 Provocation Tests 3.7.4 Advising the Patient References First Describer 31 Occupational Dermatoses 1 Occupational Dermatoses and Statutory Accident Insurance 2 Occupational Skin Diseases: OD No. 5101 2.1 Clinical Presentation and Triggers of Occupational Skin Diseases 2.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases 2.3 Dermatological Procedures 3 Occupational Skin Cancer Diseases (Especially OD No. 5103) 3.1 OD No. 5103 3.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Cancers 4 Assessment 4.1 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Diseases Relating to OD No. 5101 4.1.1 Causality 4.1.2 Severity 4.1.3 Repeated Recidivism 4.1.4 Omission of the Hazardous Activity 4.1.5 Reduction of Earning Capacity (MdE) 4.2 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Cancer Diseases as Defined in OD Nos. 1108, 2402, 5102, and 5103 4.2.1 MdE Estimation for OD Nos. 5102, 1108, and 2402 4.2.2 MdE Estimation for OD No. 5103 Further Reading 32 Atopic Dermatitis 1 Introduction 2 Atopic Eczema 3 Associated Diseases 3.1 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis, Bronchial Asthma, Immediate-Type Allergic Reactions, Allergic Contact Eczema 3.2 Other Associated Diseases References First Describer 33 Other Types of Dermatitis 1 Dyshidrosis (Fox 1873) 2 Seborrheic Eczema (Unna 1887) 2.1 Seborrheic Eczema of the Infant 3 Nummular Eczema (Devergie 1857) 4 Exudative Discoid Lichenoid Dermatosis (Sulzberger and Garbe 1937) References First Describer 34 Pruritus and Prurigo 1 Pruritus 2 Diseases Associated with Pruritus 2.1 Dermatoses 2.1.1 ``Invisible Dermatoses´´ 2.2 Systemic Diseases 2.2.1 Nephrogenic Pruritus (Uremic Pruritus) 2.2.2 Cholestatic Pruritus 2.2.3 Hematological and Lymphoproliferative Diseases 2.2.4 Neoplasms 2.2.5 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2.2.6 HIV-Associated Pruritus 2.2.7 Neurological Diseases 2.2.8 Somatoform Pruritus 2.2.9 Drug-Induced Pruritus 2.2.10 Exogenous Pruritus 3 Prurigo 3.1 Prurigo Simplex Acuta 3.2 Prurito Simplex Subacuta 3.3 Acne Urticata 3.4 Chronic Prurigo 3.5 Lichen Simplex Chronicus References First Describer Part IX: Drug Hypersensitivity 35 Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions 1 Introduction 1.1 History and Epidemiology 1.2 Pathophysiological Basics 1.2.1 Classification 1.2.2 Adaptive Immune Mechanisms 1.2.3 Innate Immune Mechanisms/Others 1.2.4 Risk Factors and Provocation of (Latent) Dermatoses 1.3 Diagnostics 1.4 Information and Allergy Passport 2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions 2.1 Urticaria and Angioedema 2.2 Drug Rashes (Exanthemas) 2.2.1 Maculopapular Exanthema 2.2.2 Symmetrical Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema (SDRIFE) 2.2.3 Lichenoid Drug Rash 2.2.4 Fixed Drug Reaction 2.2.5 Acute Generalized Exanthematic Pustulosis 2.2.6 Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms 2.2.7 Serum Sickness 2.2.8 Other Drug Rashes 3 Specific Skin and Adnexal Changes 3.1 Purpura 3.2 Bullae 3.3 Pustules 3.4 Nodes 3.5 Telangiectasia 3.6 Necroses 3.7 Ulcers 3.8 Hair Growth Changes 3.9 Nail Changes 3.10 Discolorations 4 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatics and Biological Response Modifiers 4.1 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatic Drugs 4.1.1 Extravasate Reactions 4.1.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions 4.1.3 Stomatitis 4.1.4 Hand-Foot Syndrome 4.1.5 Eccrine Neutrophilic Hidradenitis 4.1.6 Radiation-Associated Drug Reactions 4.1.7 Irritated Actinic Keratoses 4.1.8 Pseudoscleroderma 4.2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers 4.2.1 Type A Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers 4.2.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type B Reactions) References Articles Web Pages First Describer 36 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions References First Describer 37 Skin Changes Induced by Alcohol, Drug-Dependency, and Smoking 1 Drug Dependency 1.1 Cutaneous Stigmata 1.1.1 Scarring 1.1.2 Swelling of the Hands (Puffy Hands) 1.1.3 Tattoos 1.1.4 Emaciation and Cachexia 1.2 Infections 1.3 Drug Typical Changes 1.3.1 Heroin 1.3.2 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 1.3.3 Cocaine and Crack Cocaine 1.3.4 Cannabis 1.3.5 Ecstasy 1.3.6 Desmorphine 1.4 Therapeutic Features 2 Smoking 2.1 Effects of Smoking on the Skin 2.1.1 Epidermis 2.1.2 Dermis 2.2 Effect on Skin Diseases 2.2.1 Acne and Hidradenitis Suppurativa 2.2.2 Malignancies 2.2.3 Infections 2.2.4 Psoriasis 2.2.5 Atopic Eczema 2.2.6 Allergies 2.2.7 Autoimmune Diseases 2.2.8 Hand and Foot Eczema 2.2.9 Rosacea 2.2.10 Androgenetic Hair Loss 2.2.11 Wound Healing 2.2.12 Leukoedema 2.3 Positive Effects of Smoking 3 Alcohol 3.1 Effect of Alcohol Preface Contents The Editors Contributors Part I: Basic Principles 1 Introduction to the Skin and Dermatology 1 The Skin: A Comprehensive Organ 2 Structure of the Skin 2.1 Embryonic Development of the Skin 2.2 Epidermis and Skin Appendages (Adnexa) 2.3 Dermo-epidermal Junction Zone 3 Functions of the Skin 4 Skin Barrier 5 Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammation 6 Skin Aging 7 Wound Healing 8 Skin Changes and Distribution Patterns 8.1 Primary Efflorescences 8.1.1 Macula (Spot) 8.1.2 Urticaria (Wheals) and Angioedema 8.1.3 Papula (Papule), Nodus (Node), Plaque 8.1.4 Vesicle (Blister), Bulla (Bubble) 8.1.5 Pustula (Pustule) 8.2 Secondary Efflorescences 8.2.1 Crusta (Crust, Bark), Necrosis (Scab) 8.2.2 Squama (Scale) 8.2.3 Erosio (Erosion), Ulcus (Ulcer) 8.2.4 Excoriation, Rhagade, Fissure 8.2.5 Cicatrix (Scar) 8.2.6 Atrophy 8.3 Further Skin Changes 8.3.1 Purpura 8.3.2 Pachydermia 8.3.3 Lichenification 8.3.4 Poikiloderma 8.3.5 Erythrodermia 8.4 Distribution and Arrangement of Efflorescences 8.4.1 Distribution 8.4.2 Arrangement 8.4.3 Shape 9 From Clinics to Diagnosis: Dermatological Diagnostics 10 Dermatological Examination 10.1 Anamnesis 10.1.1 Family Anamnesis 10.1.2 General Anamnesis 10.1.3 Personal Anamnesis 10.1.4 Current Anamnesis 10.1.5 Physical Examination References Textbooks/Manuals Other Literature Web Pages 2 Immunology 1 Introduction 2 Terms and Structures 3 Innate Immunity 3.1 Basic Principles 3.2 Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns with Particular Focus on Toll-Like Receptors 3.3 Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern 3.4 Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome 3.5 Antimicrobial Peptides 3.6 Natural Killer Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cells 3.7 Antigen-Presenting Cells 3.7.1 Dendritic Cells 3.8 The Importance of the Skin Microbiota 4 Adaptive Immunity 4.1 Fundamentals 4.2 Lymphocytes 4.2.1 B Lymphocytes 4.2.2 T Lymphocytes CD4+ T Lymphocytes CD8+ T Lymphocytes 4.3 The Immunological Synapse 4.3.1 Immune Checkpoints Co-Stimulatory Molecules Co-Inhibitory Molecules 5 Immunological Memory 6 Immunity, Allergy, and Autoimmunity 7 Immune Tolerance and Termination of Immune Responses 8 Therapeutic Approaches References 3 Genetics 1 Introduction 2 Important Terms in Genetics 2.1 Mutations 2.2 Inheritance Typical 2.2.1 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 2.2.2 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 2.2.3 Codominant Inheritance 2.2.4 Pleiotropism 2.2.5 X-Chromosomal Inheritance X-Linked Recessive Inheritance X-Chromosomal Dominant Inheritance X-Inactivation (Lyonization) Bypassing X-Inactivation 2.2.6 Y-Chromosomal Inheritance 2.2.7 Mitochondrial Inheritance 2.3 Unusual Inheritance 2.3.1 Sex Limitation 2.3.2 Anticipation 2.3.3 Uniparental Disomy 2.3.4 Genomic Imprinting 2.3.5 Combined Heterozygosity 2.3.6 Pseudo Dominance 2.3.7 Paradominance 2.3.8 Twin Spots 2.3.9 Point Mutation and Deletion 2.3.10 Extended Gene Deletion (Contiguous Gene Syndrome) 2.3.11 Genetic Heterogeneity 2.4 Tumor-Associated Genes 2.4.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes 2.4.2 Oncogenes 2.4.3 DNA Repair Genes 2.5 Other Special Features 2.5.1 Immortalization 2.5.2 Cytogenetic Defects 2.5.3 Multifactorial Inheritance 3 Genetic Counseling, Prenatal Diagnostics, and Gene Therapy 3.1 Genetic Counseling 3.2 Prenatal Diagnostics 3.3 Gene Therapy References Textbooks Databases Part II: Diagnostic Tools 4 Dermatopathology 1 Introduction 2 Indication for Dermatohistopathological Examination 3 Selection of Biopsy Site and Biopsy Technique 3.1 Biopsy Site 3.2 Biopsy Technique 3.2.1 Punch Biopsy 3.2.2 Incision or Excision Biopsy 3.2.3 Shave Biopsy 3.2.4 Electrosurgery, Ablative Lasers 3.3 Shipping and Preparation of the Tissue Sample 3.3.1 Shipment 3.3.2 Preparation of the Tissue Sample in the Laboratory 4 Microscopic Examination and Findings 4.1 Diagnostic Approach for Inflammatory Dermatoses 4.2 Diagnostic Approach for Neoplasms, Cysts, or Hamartomas 4.3 Interpretation of Histological Findings 4.4 Glossary of Basic Dermatohistological Terms References 5 Dermatoscopy 1 Introduction 2 Diagnostic Procedure for Pigmented Skin Lesions 3 Diagnosis of Nonmelanocytic and Hypomelanotic or Amelanotic Melanocytic Lesions 4 Dermatoscopy for Pathogen-Induced Skin Diseases (Entodermoscopy) 5 Dermatoscopy for Inflammatory Skin Diseases (Inflammoscopy) 6 Computer-Assisted Dermatoscopy and Artificial Intelligence References First Describer 6 Ultrasonography of Skin and Lymph Nodes 1 Introduction 2 Ultrasound Phenomena, Mode Technologies, Image Documentation 3 Medium-Frequency Ultrasound (7.5-18 MHz) 3.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications 3.1.1 Lymph nodes 3.2 Special Procedures 3.2.1 Contrast-Enhanced Sonography 3.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology 4 High Frequency Ultrasound (20-50 MHz) 4.1 Device Specification, Examination Procedure, Indications 4.1.1 Tumor Diagnostics 4.1.2 Chronic Inflammatory and Fibrosing Diseases References 7 Other Skin Imaging Technologies 1 Introduction 2 Imaging Methods 2.1 Confocal Laser Microscopy 2.2 Optical Coherence Tomography 2.3 Multiphoton Tomography 2.4 Profilometry 3 Functional Procedures 3.1 Barrier Function 3.2 Hydration 3.3 Skin Color 3.4 pH Value 3.5 Sebum Content 3.6 Scaling 3.7 Elasticity 3.8 Oxygen Supply and Blood Circulation of the Skin References Part III: Infectious Diseases: Viruses 8 Human Papilloma Virus Infections 1 Introduction 2 Warts 2.1 Verrucae Vulgares 2.2 Verrucae Plantares 2.3 Verrucae Planae Juveniles 2.4 Genital Warts 2.4.1 Condylomata Acuminata 2.4.2 Condylomata Plana 2.4.3 Bowenoid Papulosis 2.4.4 Condylomata Gigantea 2.5 Warts of the Oral Mucosa 2.5.1 Tumors of the Head and Neck Region Laryngeal Papillomas Laryngeal Carcinomas Oropharyngeal Carcinomas (Oropharyngeal Carcinomas) 2.5.2 Oral Warts Verrucae Vulgares Condylomata Acuminata Disseminated Oral Papillomatosis Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia 2.6 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis 2.7 Floride Oral Papillomatosis 2.8 Warts in Immunosuppressed Patients References First Describer 9 Human Herpes Viruses 1 Introduction 2 Diseases Caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus 2.1 Primary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 2.1.1 Gingivostomatitis Herpetica Aphthoid of Pospischill-Feyrter 2.1.2 Primary Genital Herpes 2.1.3 Neonatal Herpes 2.1.4 CNS Infections 2.2 Secondary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 2.2.1 Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Infections 2.2.2 Eczema Herpeticum 2.3 Complications of Herpes Simplex Infections 2.4 Herpes Simplex Infections of the Eye 2.5 Herpes Simplex Infections in Immunocompromised Individuals 3 Varicella Zoster Virus Diseases 3.1 Varicella 3.2 Zoster 4 Diseases Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus 4.1 Infectious Mononucleosis 5 Diseases Caused by Cytomegalovirus 6 Diseases Caused by Other Human Herpes Viruses 6.1 Human Herpes Virus 6 6.2 Human Herpes Virus 7 6.3 Human Herpes Virus 8 References First Describer 10 Other Viral Infections of the Skin 1 Smallpox Virus 1.1 Orthopox Viruses 1.1.1 Smallpox 1.1.2 Vaccinia 1.1.3 Catpox 1.1.4 Human Monkeypox 1.2 Parapoxviruses 1.2.1 Milker ́s Nodule 1.2.2 Ecthyma Contagiosum 1.3 Molluscum Contagiosum 2 Picornaviruses 2.1 Enteroviruses 2.1.1 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Classic) 2.1.2 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Atypical) 2.1.3 Herpangina 2.2 Parechoviruses 3 The Six Classic Infectious Diseases 3.1 Measles 3.2 Scarlet Fever 3.3 Rubella 3.4 Rubeola Scarlatinosa 3.5 Erythema Infectiosum 3.6 Exanthema Subitum 4 Paraviral Exanthems 4.1 Papular-Purpuric Gloves-and-Socks Syndrome 4.2 Asymmetric Periflexural and Unilateral Mediothoracic Exanthem 4.3 Eruptive Pseudoangiomatosis 4.4 Eruptive Hypomelanosis 4.5 Additional Virus Infections 4.5.1 Infectious Dermatitis 4.5.2 Virus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa 4.5.3 Flavovirus Infections Tick Encephalitis Dengue Fever Yellow Fever Chikungunya 4.5.4 Infections by Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis References Smallpox Viruses Picornaviruses The Six Classic Infectious Diseases/Paraviral Exanthema First Describer 11 Coronaviruses 1 HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1 2 SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 2.1 Possible Origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 3 Coronavirus Genome Structure and Gene Expression 4 Epidemiology and Transmission 5 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations 6 Diagnosis and Therapy 7 Prevention 7.1 General Measures 7.2 Vaccination 7.3 Reporting Obligation References Part IV: Infectious Diseases: Bacteria 12 Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Diseases of the Skin 1 Introduction 1.1 Current Resistance Situation 1.1.1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates 1.1.2 Procedure for MRSA Elimination in Colonized Persons in the Outpatient Setting 2 Pyoderma 2.1 Impetigo Contagiosa 2.2 Ecthyma 3 Chronic Pyoderma 3.1 Chancriform Pyoderma 3.2 Pyoderma Vegetans 3.3 Cutaneous Botryomycosis 4 Erysipelas 5 Phlegmon and Abscess 5.1 Neck Phlegmon 5.2 Necrotizing Fasciitis 5.2.1 Fournier Gangrene as a Special Form of Necrotizing Fasciitis 6 Streptogenic Perianal Dermatitis 7 Folliculitis 7.1 Folliculitis Simplex 7.2 Special Clinical Forms 7.2.1 Folliculitis Simplex Barbae 7.2.2 Eczematous Nasal Vestibulitis 7.3 Acne Necroticans 8 Furuncles and Carbuncles 9 Infections in Special Localizations 9.1 Hordeolum 9.2 Panaritium 9.3 Felon 10 Skin Diseases Mediated by Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxins 10.1 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 10.2 Staphylogenic Toxic Shock Syndrome 10.3 Recalcitrant Erythematous Desquamating Disorder 10.4 Recurrent Toxin-Mediated Perineal Erythema 10.5 Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever 10.6 Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 10.7 Scarlet Fever 11 Secondary Skin Changes Due to Streptococci References First Describer Further Literature 13 Other Bacterial Infections of the Skin 1 Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods 1.1 Erythrasma 1.2 Trichobacteriosis Palmellina 1.3 Keratoma Sulcatum 1.4 Diphtheria 1.5 Other Coryneform Bacteria 2 Other Gram-Positive Bacteria 2.1 Actinomycosis 2.2 Whipple ́s Disease 2.3 Anthrax 2.4 Listeriosis 2.5 Nocardiosis 2.6 Erysipeloid 2.7 Pneumococcal Infection 2.8 Meningococcal Infection 3 Gram-Negative Bacteria 3.1 Gram-Negative Folliculitis 3.1.1 After Antibiotic Long-Term Therapy of Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea 3.1.2 Gram-Negative Folliculitis as a Complication after Epilation 3.1.3 Whirlpool Dermatitis 3.1.4 Hot Foot Syndrome 3.2 Bowel Bypass Syndrome 3.3 Bartonellosis 3.3.1 Cat Scratch Disease 3.3.2 Verruga Peruana, Carrion Disease, Oroya Fever 3.4 Rickettsiosis 3.5 Infections by Enterobacteriaceae 3.5.1 Escherichia coli Infections 3.5.2 Rhinoscleroma 3.5.3 Other Klebsiella Infections 3.5.4 Proteus Infection 3.5.5 Typhoid Fever 3.5.6 Other Salmonella Infections 3.5.7 Plague 3.5.8 Yersiniosis 3.5.9 Vibrio Infection 3.6 Helicobacter Infections 3.7 Malleus 3.8 Melioidosis 3.9 Other Pseudomonas Infections 3.10 Haemophilus influenzae Infection 3.11 Pasteurella multocida Infection 3.12 Infections with Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Branhamella 3.13 Clostridia Infections 3.14 Tularemia 3.15 Brucellosis 3.16 Rat Bite Disease 4 Mixed Infections 4.1 Noma 4.2 Ulcus Tropicum 4.3 Animal Bites References Gram-Positive Coryneform Rods Other Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Mixed Infections First Describers 14 Lyme Borreliosis and Other Nonvenereal Spirochetal Infections 1 Lyme Borreliosis 1.1 Dermatoborrelioses 1.1.1 Erythema Migrans (Afzelius 1910; Lipschütz 1913) 1.1.2 Borrelial Lymphocytoma (Burckhardt 1911; Bäfverstedt 1943) 1.1.3 Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans (Buchwald 1883; Herxheimer and Hartmann 1902) 1.2 Diagnosis and Therapy of Dermatoborrelioses 1.3 Extracutaneous Manifestations 1.4 Lyme Borreliosis in Children 1.5 Lyme Borreliosis During Pregnancy 1.6 Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome 2 Leptospirosis (Weil 1886) 3 Relapsing Fever (Rutty 1770; Craigie 1843; Obermeier 1873) References Lyme Borreliosis Leptospirosis Relapsing Fever First Describer 15 Mycobacterial Infections of the Skin 1 Introduction 2 Skin Tuberculosis 2.1 Multibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis 2.1.1 Tuberculous Primary Complex of the Skin 2.1.2 Tuberculosis Cutis Colliquativa 2.1.3 Tuberculosis Ulcerosa Mucosae et Cutis 2.1.4 Tuberculosis Cutis Miliaris Disseminata 2.1.5 Metastatic Tuberculous Abscesses 2.2 Paucibacillary Forms of Skin Tuberculosis 2.2.1 Tuberculosis Cutis Verrucosa (Riehl and Paltauf 1886) 2.2.2 Lupus Vulgaris (Robert Willan, 1757-1812) 2.3 Tuberculids (Darier 1896) 2.3.1 Lichenoid Skin Tuberculid (Hebra 1860) 2.3.2 Histopathology 2.3.3 Papulonecrotic Tuberculid 2.3.4 Erythema Induratum (Bazin 1861) 3 Leprosy (Hansen 1874) 3.1 Basic Principles and Clinical Forms 3.1.1 Indeterminate Leprosy 3.1.2 Multibacillary Leprosy (Lepromatous Leprosy) 3.1.3 Paucibacillary Leprosy (Tuberculoid Leprosy) 3.1.4 Intermediate Leprosy (Borderline Leprosy) 3.1.5 Leprosy Reactions 3.2 Diagnostics and Therapy 4 Nontuberculous (Atypical) Mycobacterioses 4.1 Infections with Mycobacterium marinum (Norden and Linell 1951) 4.2 Infections with Mycobacterium ulcerans (MacCallum et al. 1948) 4.3 Infections with Pathogens of the Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex References Tuberculosis of the Skin Leprosy Skin Infections by Other Mycobacteria First Describer Part V: Infectious Diseases: Fungi 16 Fungal Infections 1 Introduction 2 Superficial Mycoses - Dermatophytoses 2.1 Tinea of the Glabrous Skin (Epidermomycosis) 2.1.1 Tinea Faciei/Corporis 2.1.2 Tinea Inguinalis 2.1.3 Tinea Manus 2.1.4 Tinea Pedis 2.1.5 Onychomycosis 2.2 Trichomycoses 2.2.1 Tinea Capitis (Sensu Stricto) 2.2.2 Small-Spored Ectothrix Tinea Capitis (Microsporosis) 2.2.3 Favus 2.2.4 Tinea Barbae 2.2.5 Nodular Granulomatous Perifolliculitis (Granuloma Trichophyticum) 2.3 Mycid 3 Superficial Mycoses - Candidosis and Other Yeast Infections 3.1 Candidosis 3.1.1 Candida Intertrigo 3.1.2 Interdigital Candidosis 3.1.3 Candidosis in the Diaper Area (Napkin Dermatitis) 3.1.4 Candida Paronychia and Candida Onychomycosis 3.1.5 Candidosis of the Oral Mucosa 3.1.6 Candida Folliculitis 3.1.7 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis 3.1.8 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 3.1.9 Candida Balanitis 3.2 Diseases Caused by Malassezia Yeasts 3.2.1 Pityriasis Versicolor 3.2.2 Seborrheic Dermatitis 3.2.3 Malassezia Folliculitis 3.2.4 Further Malassezia-Associated Diseases 4 Rarer superficial dermatomycoses 4.1 Piedra 4.1.1 White Piedra 4.1.2 Black Piedra 4.2 Tinea nigra 5 Subcutaneous Mycoses 5.1 Sporotrichosis 5.2 Chromoblastomycosis 5.3 Phaeohyphomycosis 5.3.1 Cutaneous Alternariosis 5.4 Mycetoma 6 Systemic Fungal Infections 6.1 Cryptococcosis 6.2 Blastomycosis 6.3 Paracoccidioidomycosis 6.4 Histoplasmosis 6.5 Coccidioidomycosis References Dermatophytoses Yeast Infections Subcutaneous Mycoses Systemic Mycoses First Describer Further Literature Part VI: Infectious Diseases: Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Introduction 1 Introduction References Internet Pages Further Literature 18 Gonorrhea and Urethritis 1 Introduction 2 Gonorrhea 3 Chlamydia trachomatis Infections 4 Mycoplasma genitalium 5 Other Pathogens of Urethritis 5.1 Urethritis Caused by Other Bacteria 5.2 Candida Urethritis 5.3 Viral Urethritis 5.4 Trichomonas Vaginalis 6 Non-infectious Forms of Urethritis References Internet Pages (Accessed 19.-25.05.2019) Gonorrhea Chlamydia Trachomatis Mycoplasma Genitalium Trichomonas Vaginalis First Describer 19 Syphilis 1 Introduction 2 Clinical Stages 2.1 Early Syphilis 2.1.1 Primary Stage 2.1.2 Secondary Stage 2.2 Late Syphilis 2.2.1 Late Latency 2.2.2 Tertiary Stage 2.3 Neurosyphilis 2.3.1 Meningovascular Neurosyphilis 2.3.2 Parenchymatous Neurosyphilis 2.4 Congenital Syphilis 2.5 Syphilis in HIV Infection 3 Nonvenereal Treponematosis 3.1 Yaws 3.2 Pinta 3.3 Endemic Syphilis (``Bejel ́ ́) References Introduction to Syphilis Nonvenereal Treponematosis First Describers Web Pages 20 Other Venereal Infections 1 Lymphogranuloma Venereum 2 Chancroid 3 Donovanosis 4 Zika Virus Infection References Lymphogranuloma Venereum Chancroid Donovanosis Zika Virus First Describer 21 HIV/AIDS 1 Introduction 1.1 HIV: History, Pathogens, and Etiopathogenesis 1.2 HIV: Epidemiology 1.3 HIV: Classification 1.4 HIV: Test Indications, Methods 1.5 HIV: Examinations After Diagnosis 1.5.1 Patient History, Initial Examinations 1.5.2 Clinical Examination 1.5.3 Laboratory Investigations 2 Antiretroviral Therapy 2.1 Basics of Therapy 2.2 Antiretroviral Drug Classes 2.3 Time of Start of Therapy 2.4 Undesirable Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs 2.5 cART and Prognosis 3 Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection 3.1 Acute Retroviral Syndrome 3.2 Frequently Associated Infectious Skin Diseases 3.2.1 Viral Infections Herpes Simplex Virus Varicella Zoster Virus Cytomegalovirus Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Human Papillomaviruses Molluscum Contagiosum 3.2.2 Fungal Infections Candidiasis Black Hairy Tongue Talaromycosis Malassezia furfur Folliculitis Dermatophytes Pneumocystis jirovecii Deep Fungal Infections Aspergillus fumigatus 3.2.3 Bacterial Infections Pyoderma Deep Bacterial Infections Folliculitis Bacillary Angiomatosis Syphilis Laboratory Investigations Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of the Skin Other Mycobacteria 3.2.4 Ectoparasites Scabies Protozoal Infections 3.3 Frequently Associated Tumors 3.3.1 Kaposi ́s Sarcoma 3.3.2 Lymphomas 3.3.3 Carcinomas 3.4 Miscellaneous Skin Diseases 3.4.1 Seborrheic Eczema 3.4.2 Psoriasis 3.4.3 Balanitis Circinata 3.4.4 Atopic Eczema 3.4.5 Xerosis and Pruritus 3.4.6 Papular Itchy Eruption 3.4.7 Eosinophilic Folliculitis 3.4.8 Photosensitivity 3.4.9 Hair Diseases and Other Comorbidities 3.4.10 Autoimmune Diseases Aphthae Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 3.5 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 4 HIV/AIDS in Children 5 Prophylaxis and General Health Measures 5.1 Mother-to-Child Transmission 5.2 Prophylaxis of Opportunistic infections 5.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis 5.4 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis References First Describer Part VII: Infectious Diseases: Parasitic Infections 22 Protozoal Infections 1 Introduction 2 Leishmaniasis 2.1 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 2.2 Visceral Leishmaniasis 2.2.1 Kala Azar 2.2.2 Dermal Post-Kala-Azar Leishmaniasis 3 Trichomoniasis 4 Amebiasis 5 Rhinosporidiosis 6 Other Protozoan Infections References Leishmaniasis Trichomoniasis Amebiasis First Describer 23 Diseases Caused by Arthropods 1 Introduction 2 Insects (Insecta) 2.1 Permanent Ectoparasitic Insects 2.1.1 Pediculosis Pediculosis Capitis Pediculosis Corporis Pediculosis pubis (Phthiriasis pubis) 2.2 Temporary Ectoparasitic Insects 2.2.1 Cimicosis 2.2.2 Stings from Tropical Bugs 2.2.3 Stings from Fleas (Siphonaptera) Puliculosis Tungiasis 2.3 True Flies (Diptera) 2.3.1 Stings from Nematocera 2.3.2 Stings from Flies (Brachycera) Horse-Flies (Tabanidae) Real Flies (Muscidae) Stings from Louse Flies (Hippoboscidae) 2.3.3 Myiasis 2.4 Nonparasitic Insects 2.4.1 Stings from Hymenoptera 2.4.2 Dermatitis from Butterfly Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) 2.4.3 Dermatitis from Beetles or Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera) Other Beetle Species 3 Arachnids (Spiders) 3.1 Permanent Parasitic Mites (Acari) 3.1.1 Scabies 3.1.2 Special Clinical Forms Nodular Scabies and Persistent Post-Scabietic Nodules Post-Scabietic Pruritus Scabies Crustosa Drug-Resistant Scabies Scabiophobia 3.1.3 Demodicosis 3.2 Temporary Accidental Parasitic Mites 3.2.1 Mange Mite Infestation 3.2.2 Cheyletiellosis 3.3 Predatory Mites 3.3.1 Gamasoidosis 3.3.2 Trombidiosis 3.3.3 Straw Mite Infestation 3.4 Ticks 3.4.1 Tick Bites by Ixodes ricinus 3.5 Nonparasitic Mites 3.5.1 Dermatitis from Food or Stock Mites (Tyroglyphoidea) 3.5.2 Dermatitis from House Dust Mites (Pyroglyphidae) 3.6 Nonparasitic Arachnids 3.6.1 Bites from Spiders (Araneae) Bites from the Yellow Sac Spider (Cheiracanthium punctorium) Bites from the Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) Bites from Loxosceles Spiders (Loxosceles spp.) 3.7 Scorpions (Scorpiones) 3.7.1 Bites from Scorpions 4 Myriapoda 4.1 Bites from Centipede (Chilopoda) 4.2 Dermatitis from Millipede (Diplopoda) References First Describer 24 Diseases Caused by Worms 1 Introduction 2 Roundworms (Nemathelminthes) 2.1 Enterobiasis 2.2 Askariasis 2.3 Cutaneous Larva Migrans 2.4 Other Nematode Infections 2.4.1 Strongyloidiasis 2.4.2 Trichuriasis 2.4.3 Trichinosis 2.4.4 Lymphatic Filariasis 2.4.5 Loiasis 2.4.6 Onchocerciasis 2.4.7 Dracunculosis 2.4.8 Gnathostomiasis 3 Flatworms (Plathelminthes) 3.1 Cestodes (Tapeworms) 3.1.1 Cysticercosis 3.1.2 Echinococcosis 3.1.3 Other Cestus Infections 3.2 Trematodes (Flukes) 3.2.1 Bilharziosis 3.2.2 Other Trematode Infections References First Describer Part VIII: Allergy and Intolerance Reactions 25 Basic Principles in Allergology and Hypersensitivity Reactions 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Immunity and Allergy 2.1 Induction of Immunity 2.2 Innate Immunity 2.3 Acquired Immunity 3 Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions 3.1 Acute Toxic and Cumulative Toxic Hypersensitivity Reactions 3.2 Intolerance Reactions 3.3 IgE-Mediated (Immediate-Type) Reaction (Type I Allergy According to Coombs and Gell) 3.4 Humoral Cytotoxic Immune Response (Type II According to Coombs and Gell) 3.5 Immune Complex-Mediated Immune Response (Type III According to Coombs and Gell) 3.6 Delayed-Type Cellular Immune Reactions (Type IV According to Coombs and Gell) 3.7 Diseases with Combined Immune Reaction Types According to Coombs and Gell References 26 Immediate-Type Allergy: Rhinoconjunctivitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis 1 Introduction 2 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis 3 Allergic Bronchial Asthma 4 Anaphylaxis References 27 Food Allergy 1 Definition and Epidemiology 2 Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Features 3 Diagnostic Procedure 4 Special Features in the Clarification of Suspected Food Allergy in Eczematous Diseases 5 Therapy References 28 Bee and Wasp Venom Allergy 1 Introduction 2 Diagnostics and Therapy of Sting Reactions 2.1 Large Local Sting Reactions 2.2 Immediate Generalized Allergic Reaction 2.3 Other Systemic Reactions: Intoxication 2.4 Unusual Sting Reactions References 29 Urticaria and Angioedema 1 Introduction 2 Urticaria 2.1 Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.1 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.2 Acute Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood 2.1.3 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria 2.1.4 Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Childhood 2.2 Chronic Inducible Urticaria 2.2.1 Dermographism Asymptomatic Urticarial Dermographism 2.2.2 Symptomatic Urticarial Dermographism 2.2.3 Cold Urticaria 2.2.4 Heat Urticaria 2.2.5 Delayed-Pressure Urticaria 2.2.6 Solar Urticaria 2.2.7 X-Ray Urticaria 2.2.8 Vibratory Angioedema 2.2.9 Contact Urticaria 2.2.10 Cholinergic Urticaria 2.2.11 Exercise-Induced Urticaria 2.2.12 Adrenergic Urticaria 2.2.13 Aquagenic Urticaria 3 Angioedema 3.1 Mast Cell- (Histamine-)Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency 3.2 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema without C1-INH Deficiency 3.3 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency 3.3.1 Hereditary Angioedema, Type I and II 3.4 Hereditary Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with Normal C1-INH 3.4.1 Hereditary Angioedema with FXII Mutation (Dewald and Bork 2006) 3.4.2 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Angiopoietin (ANGPT1) Gene 3.4.3 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Plasminogen (PLG) Gene 3.4.4 Hereditary Angioedema with Mutation of the Kininogen-1 Gene 3.4.5 Hereditary Angioedema with Unknown Mutation (HAE-UKN) 3.5 Acquired Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema with C1-INH Deficiency References First Describer 30 Contact Dermatitis 1 Introduction 1.1 Pathophysiology and Symptomatic 1.2 Special Aspects of Therapy 1.2.1 Skin Cleansing and Hair Washing 1.2.2 Indifferent Topical (Vehicle) Therapy 1.2.3 Acute Skin Changes Acute Contact Dermatitis Chronic Contact Eczema 1.2.4 Localization of Skin Changes Intertriginous Skin Areas Palmae and Plantae Scalp Genitals 1.2.5 Skin Type 1.2.6 Specific Topical Therapy Glucocorticoids Tar or Tar-like Active Substances Salicylic Acid Urea Phototherapy Antimicrobial Bath Therapy Further Therapeutics 1.2.7 Systemic Therapy Glucocorticoids Retinoids Antihistamines (H1 Blockers) Antibiotics Immunosuppressants 1.2.8 Further Recommendations Aftercare Diet Psychological Care Hyposensitization (Specific Immunotherapy) 2 Irritant Contact Dermatitis 2.1 Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis 2.2 Chronic Irritant Contact Eczema 2.3 Hyperkeratotic Rhagadiform Hand and Foot Eczema 2.4 Pityriasis Simplex 2.4.1 Pityriasis Simplex Capillitii 2.4.2 Pityriasis Simplex of Face or Body 2.5 Exsiccation Eczema 2.6 Intertrigo 2.7 Diaper Dermatitis 2.8 Granuloma Gluteale Infantum 2.9 Peristomal Eczema 2.10 Pomade Crust 3 Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.1 Definition and Epidemiology 3.2 Pathophysiology 3.2.1 Contact Sensitization Induction Phase Trigger Phase 3.2.2 Resistance and Immunotolerance 3.2.3 Other Pathophysiologically Important Factors Sensitization Potential of Contact Allergens Genetics Local Factors Other Individual Protective and Risk-Increasing Factors 3.2.4 Contact Allergens Plants Local Therapeutics Garments Jewelry and Tattoos Cosmetics Professional Contact Allergens 3.3 Clinical Signs and Course 3.4 Acute Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.5 Chronic Allergic Contact Eczema 3.6 Special Forms of Allergic Contact Eczema 3.6.1 Palmae and Plantae 3.6.2 Allergic Contact Reactions on Mucous Membranes 3.6.3 Hematogenous Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3.6.4 Non-Allergic Hematogenous Contact Dermatitis Differential Diagnoses 3.7 Diagnostics 3.7.1 Epicutaneous Patch Test Indication Contraindications Side Effects Prerequisites, Patient Education Test Site Test Substances Test Procedure Reading the Test Reactions Interpretation of Test Results, Clinical Relevance 3.7.2 In Vitro Methods 3.7.3 Provocation Tests 3.7.4 Advising the Patient References First Describer 31 Occupational Dermatoses 1 Occupational Dermatoses and Statutory Accident Insurance 2 Occupational Skin Diseases: OD No. 5101 2.1 Clinical Presentation and Triggers of Occupational Skin Diseases 2.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases 2.3 Dermatological Procedures 3 Occupational Skin Cancer Diseases (Especially OD No. 5103) 3.1 OD No. 5103 3.2 Prevention of Occupational Skin Cancers 4 Assessment 4.1 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Diseases Relating to OD No. 5101 4.1.1 Causality 4.1.2 Severity 4.1.3 Repeated Recidivism 4.1.4 Omission of the Hazardous Activity 4.1.5 Reduction of Earning Capacity (MdE) 4.2 Basic Terms for the Assessment of Skin Cancer Diseases as Defined in OD Nos. 1108, 2402, 5102, and 5103 4.2.1 MdE Estimation for OD Nos. 5102, 1108, and 2402 4.2.2 MdE Estimation for OD No. 5103 Further Reading 32 Atopic Dermatitis 1 Introduction 2 Atopic Eczema 3 Associated Diseases 3.1 Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis, Bronchial Asthma, Immediate-Type Allergic Reactions, Allergic Contact Eczema 3.2 Other Associated Diseases References First Describer 33 Other Types of Dermatitis 1 Dyshidrosis (Fox 1873) 2 Seborrheic Eczema (Unna 1887) 2.1 Seborrheic Eczema of the Infant 3 Nummular Eczema (Devergie 1857) 4 Exudative Discoid Lichenoid Dermatosis (Sulzberger and Garbe 1937) References First Describer 34 Pruritus and Prurigo 1 Pruritus 2 Diseases Associated with Pruritus 2.1 Dermatoses 2.1.1 ``Invisible Dermatoses ́ ́ 2.2 Systemic Diseases 2.2.1 Nephrogenic Pruritus (Uremic Pruritus) 2.2.2 Cholestatic Pruritus 2.2.3 Hematological and Lymphoproliferative Diseases 2.2.4 Neoplasms 2.2.5 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2.2.6 HIV-Associated Pruritus 2.2.7 Neurological Diseases 2.2.8 Somatoform Pruritus 2.2.9 Drug-Induced Pruritus 2.2.10 Exogenous Pruritus 3 Prurigo 3.1 Prurigo Simplex Acuta 3.2 Prurito Simplex Subacuta 3.3 Acne Urticata 3.4 Chronic Prurigo 3.5 Lichen Simplex Chronicus References First Describer Part IX: Drug Hypersensitivity 35 Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions 1 Introduction 1.1 History and Epidemiology 1.2 Pathophysiological Basics 1.2.1 Classification 1.2.2 Adaptive Immune Mechanisms 1.2.3 Innate Immune Mechanisms/Others 1.2.4 Risk Factors and Provocation of (Latent) Dermatoses 1.3 Diagnostics 1.4 Information and Allergy Passport 2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions 2.1 Urticaria and Angioedema 2.2 Drug Rashes (Exanthemas) 2.2.1 Maculopapular Exanthema 2.2.2 Symmetrical Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema (SDRIFE) 2.2.3 Lichenoid Drug Rash 2.2.4 Fixed Drug Reaction 2.2.5 Acute Generalized Exanthematic Pustulosis 2.2.6 Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms 2.2.7 Serum Sickness 2.2.8 Other Drug Rashes 3 Specific Skin and Adnexal Changes 3.1 Purpura 3.2 Bullae 3.3 Pustules 3.4 Nodes 3.5 Telangiectasia 3.6 Necroses 3.7 Ulcers 3.8 Hair Growth Changes 3.9 Nail Changes 3.10 Discolorations 4 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatics and Biological Response Modifiers 4.1 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Cytostatic Drugs 4.1.1 Extravasate Reactions 4.1.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions 4.1.3 Stomatitis 4.1.4 Hand-Foot Syndrome 4.1.5 Eccrine Neutrophilic Hidradenitis 4.1.6 Radiation-Associated Drug Reactions 4.1.7 Irritated Actinic Keratoses 4.1.8 Pseudoscleroderma 4.2 Cutaneous Drug Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers 4.2.1 Type A Reactions by Biological Response Modifiers 4.2.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type B Reactions) References Articles Web Pages First Describer 36 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions References First Describer 37 Skin Changes Induced by Alcohol, Drug-Dependency, and Smoking 1 Drug Dependency 1.1 Cutaneous Stigmata 1.1.1 Scarring 1.1.2 Swelling of the Hands (Puffy Hands) 1.1.3 Tattoos 1.1.4 Emaciation and Cachexia 1.2 Infections 1.3 Drug Typical Changes 1.3.1 Heroin 1.3.2 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 1.3.3 Cocaine and Crack Cocaine 1.3.4 Cannabis 1.3.5 Ecstasy 1.3.6 Desmorphine 1.4 Therapeutic Features 2 Smoking 2.1 Effects of Smoking on the Skin 2.1.1 Epidermis 2.1.2 Dermis 2.2 Effect on Skin Diseases 2.2.1 Acne and Hidradenitis Suppurativa 2.2.2 Malignancies 2.2.3 Infections 2.2.4 Psoriasis 2.2.5 Atopic Eczema 2.2.6 Allergies 2.2.7 Autoimmune Diseases 2.2.8 Hand and Foot Eczema 2.2.9 Rosacea 2.2.10 Androgenetic Hair Loss 2.2.11 Wound Healing 2.2.12 Leukoedema 2.3 Positive Effects of Smoking 3 Alcohol 3.1 Effect of