نگرش تاریخی برادل بازنگری شده

The essays collected in this volume represent my views on Braudel's concepts, methodology and principal books. Chapter 1 appraises his ve central notions and serves as an overall background to assess Braudel's contributions to historiography. Chapters 2-4 evaluate his three main research books, while Chapter 5 examines a rather too dif- cult book that Braudel wrote for high school students, and Chapters 6-7 review two collections of his major articles. The three appendices look at Braudel's two minor writings and two biographies written about him. This book focuses on the inner logic and insights of Braudel's writings per se and not upon his interactions with the history community. Analyses related to these broader perspectives can be found in his two biographies. Braudel's other writings are not analyzed here. (1) The multiple collective volumes Histoire ́economique et sociale de la France (Paris: PUF, 1970-82, “collection Quadrige”, four volumes in nine books), edited by Braudel and Ernest Labrousse. (2) La M ́editerran ́ee, in 12 television lms, then transformed into two picture books (1977) with texts from six other authors, Paris: Arts et M ́etiers Graphiques. (3) L'Europe, Paris: Arts et M ́etiers Graphiques, 1982 (transformed from eight television lms). (4) Venise, Paris: Arthaud (with photographs of Folco Quilici, 1984). (5) Le monde de Jacques Cartier (a history of the French navigator Cartier, 1491-1557), Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1984 (picture book). In his last letter (1823) to Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo wrote: “And now, my dear Malthus, I have done. Like other disputants, after much discussion, we each retain our own opinions. These discussions, however, never inuence our friendship; I should not like you more than I do if you agree in opinion with me.” The Ricardian spirit applies here. The story is told that after the village tailor had the greatest moment of his life in a private meeting with the Pope, his reactions were “38 short, take in the right shoulder.” I only wish that this is not the case after my encounter with Braudel. Permissions to reuse the following published texts in this volume have been granted by their respective publishers. Chapter 1 “Braudel's concepts and methodology reconsidered”, The European Legacy, 2000, 5(1):65-86 (Taylor & Francis). Chapter 2 “Braudel's The Mediterranean after 50 years”, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 1996, 6(2):323-31 (Mediterranean Institute, University of Malta). Chapter 3 “Second thoughts on Braudel's Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century”, Journal of European Economic History, 1995, 24(1):177-93 (Banca di Roma). Chapter 4 “Braudel's Identity of France”, Journal of European Economic History, 2002, 31(1):185-94 (Banca di Roma). Chapter 5 “Braudel's grammar of civilizations”, The European Legacy, 1998, 3(3):80-4 (MIT Press). Chapter 6 “Braudel's On History in retrospect”, Journal of European Economic History, 1993, 22(1):113-20 (Banca di Roma). Chapter 7 “Braudel's Ecrits sur l'histoire II”, The European Legacy, 1998, 3(3):84-8 (MIT Press). Appendix 1 “The Italian model”, Journal of European Economic History, 1997, 25(3):748-51 (Banca di Roma). Appendix 2 “Braudel's memory of The Mediterranean”, The European Legacy, 2002, 7(2):225-8 (Taylor & Francis). Appendix 3 “Two biographies on Braudel”, The European Legacy, 1998, 3(3):89-92 (MIT Press). Financial support from my university for the publication of this book is gratefully acknowledged. lai@mx.nthu.edu.tw Preface ix 1 Concepts and Methodology 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Longue dur ́ee, conjoncture, event-history 4 3 ́ Economie-monde (Economic-world) 11 4 Total history 18 5 Methodology 23 6 Evaluation 28 2 The Mediterranean (1949) 31 1 Framework 32 2 Style 33 3 Criticisms 37 4 Economics 38 5 Conclusion 41 3 Civilization and Capitalism (1979) 45 1 Introduction 45 2 Structure and contents 46 3 Comments 49 4 Evaluation 54 5 Conclusions 58 Appendix 3.1: Compare with other eight reviews 59 Appendix 3.2: Uninteresting parts of the book 63 i vi Contents 4 Identity of France (1986) 65 1 Setting 65 2 Framework 66 3 Perplexities 69 4 Contributions 72 5 History of Civilizations (1963) 75 1 Contents 75 2 Is there exists a grammar in the history of civilizations? 76 3 History of civilizations and current affairs 77 4 A high school textbook? 79 5 On Chinese civilization 80 6 Conclusion 81 6 On History (1969) 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Comments 84 3 Evaluation 90 7 E ́ crits sur l'histoire II (1990) 93 1 Contents 93 2 Historical apprenticeship and personal testimony 94 3 Price history in Europe, 1450-1750 95 4 Two biographies 97 5 Preface to de Tocqueville's Souvenirs 98 6 Conclusion 98 Appendix 1 The Italian Model (1974) 99 Appendix 2 Memories of The Mediterranean (1996, 1998) 103 Appendix 3 Two Biographies (1995) 109 Further Readings 115 References 117 Index 123 About the Author 127