مسائل مغز: ترجمه تحقیقات به عمل در کلاس، ویرایش دوم

Everyone agrees that what we do in schools should be based on what we know about how the brain learns. Until recently, however, we have had few clues to unlock the secrets of the brain. Now, research from the neurosciences has greatly improved our understanding of the learning process, and we have a much more solid foundation on which to base educational decisions.In this completely revised and updated second edition, Patricia Wolfe clarifies how we can effectively match teaching practice with brain functioning. Encompassing the most recent and relevant research and knowledge, this edition also includes three entirely new chapters that examine brain development from birth through adolescence and identify the impact of exercise, sleep, nutrition, and technology on the brain. Brain Matters begins with a mini-textbook on brain anatomy and physiology, bringing the biology of the brain into context with teaching and learning. Wolfe describes how the brain encodes, manipulates, and stores information, and she proposes implications that recent research has for practice why meaning is essential for attention, how emotion can enhance or impede learning, and how different types of rehearsal are necessary for different types of learning.Finally, Wolfe introduces and examines practical classroom applications and brain-compatible teaching strategies that take advantage of simulations, projects, problem-based learning, graphic organizers, music, active engagement, and mnemonics. These strategies are accompanied by actual classroom scenarios spanning the content areas and grade levels from lower elementary to high school that help teachers connect theory with practice. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 ISBN 9781416610670......Page 5 Contents......Page 8 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 10 Part I: The Structure and Function of the Human Brain......Page 16 Introduction......Page 18 Early Brain-Imaging Techniques......Page 19 Monitoring the Brain’s Energy Consumption......Page 20 Interpreting Brain Imaging for Educational Purposes......Page 29 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 30 Starting at the Beginning: The Cells......Page 31 Central Nervous System Structures That Operate at the Unconscious Level......Page 36 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 47 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 48 Are We of Two Minds?......Page 59 Teaching to Both Halves of the Brain......Page 64 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 65 The Action Potential: The Brain’s Electrical Signal......Page 66 The Brain’s Own Pharmacy: The Chemical Signals......Page 68 The Synapse......Page 69 More About Neurotransmitters......Page 72 Types of Neurotransmitters......Page 73 The Mind–Body Connection......Page 80 Understanding Addiction......Page 81 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 84 Part II: Brain Development from Birth Through Adolescence......Page 86 Brain Growth and Development: Birth to Five......Page 89 Brain Growth and Development: Six to Twelve......Page 93 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 96 6 The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress......Page 97 Changes in the Adolescent Brain......Page 99 Substance Abuse During Adolescence......Page 102 Adolescent Sleep Patterns......Page 103 Teaching the Adolescent......Page 105 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 107 Moving to Learn......Page 108 Sleep on It......Page 110 Nutrition’s Role in Brain Development and Function......Page 114 Technology and the Brain......Page 116 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 119 Part III: From Sensory Input to Information Storage......Page 120 8 Sensory Memory: Getting Information into the Brain......Page 122 Metaphors for Memory......Page 123 An Introduction to the Model......Page 124 Sensory Memory......Page 126 From Sensory Signals to Perceptions......Page 128 From Perception to Attention......Page 129 Meaning and Attention......Page 131 Emotion and Attention......Page 134 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 136 9 Working Memory: The Conscious Processing of Information......Page 137 Characteristics of Working Memory......Page 140 Overcoming the Limits of Working Memory......Page 146 Meaning and Retention......Page 149 Emotion and Retention......Page 152 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 157 10 Long-Term Memory: The Brain’s Storage System......Page 158 Types of Memory Storage......Page 159 The Cellular Basis of Memory......Page 163 Memory Storage and Retrieval......Page 165 Pathways to Long-Term Storage......Page 167 Educational Implications......Page 172 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 174 Part IV: Matching Instruction to How the Brain Learns Best......Page 176 Three Levels of Learning......Page 181 Involving Students in Real-Life Problem Solving......Page 184 Using Projects to Increase Meaning and Motivation......Page 187 Using Simulations and Role-Plays to Make Meaning......Page 191 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 196 12 Using the Visual and Auditory Senses to Enhance Learning......Page 197 A Picture Is Worth at Least 10,000 Words......Page 198 Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing......Page 200 Music (Rhyme and Rhythm) Hath Many Charms......Page 206 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 214 13 A Toolkit of Brain-Compatible Strategies......Page 215 Enhancing Understanding Through Writing Activities......Page 216 Mnemonics as Tools to Aid Memory......Page 223 Active Rehearsal Strategies for Long-Term Retention......Page 229 Conclusion......Page 234 Synapse Strengtheners......Page 235 14 A Final Note on Brain-Compatible Teaching and Learning......Page 236 Glossary......Page 240 References......Page 246 Index......Page 254 About the Author......Page 262 Related ASCD Resources......Page 264 Back Page......Page 265 While you don't need to be a scientist to understand brain-compatible teaching, you'll be far more effective when you base your teaching practices on the very best scientific information. This expanded and updated ASCD best-seller delivers that essential information in clear, everyday language that any teacher can immediately incorporate into classroom practice. Renowned educator and consultant Patricia Wolfe explains: (1) How the brain encodes, manipulates, and stores information; (2) Why meaning is essential for attention; (3) How emotion can enhance or impede learning; and (4) Why different types of rehearsal are necessary for different types of learning. Plus, an all-new section explores brain development from birth through adolescence; the effect of exercise, sleep, nutrition, and technology on the brain; and the importance of neuroplasticity. Discover classroom-proven examples of how you can enhance learning in all grades and subjects and add to your repertoire of brain-compatible teaching strategies. This book is divided into four sections and contains 14 chapters. Four sections include: (1) The Structure and Function of the Human Brain; (2) Brain Development from Birth Through Adolescence; (3) From Sensory Input to Information Storage; and (4) Matching Instruction to How the Brain Learns Best. Chapters include: (1) Opening the Black Box of the Brain; (2) Brain Anatomy--A Short Course: Neurons and Subcortical Structures; (3) Brain Anatomy--A Short Course: The Cortex; (4) How Neurons Communicate; (5) The Early and Middle Years; (6) The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress; (7) The Role of Exercise, Sleep, Nutrition, and Technology; (8) Sensory Memory: Getting Information into the Brain; (9) Working Memory: The Conscious Processing of Information; (10) Long-Term Memory: The Brain's Storage System; (11) Making Curriculum Meaningful Through Problems, Projects, and Simulations; (12) Using the Visual and Auditory Senses to Enhance Learning; (13) A Toolkit of Brain-Compatible Strategies; and (14) A Final Note on Brain-Compatible Teaching and Learning. A preface, glossary, and list of references are also included. [For "Brain Matters: Translating Research into Classroom Practice," see ED454999.] Publisher's description: Everyone agrees that what we do in schools should be based on what we know about how the brain learns. Until recently, however, we have had few clues to unlock the secrets of the brain. Now, research from the neurosciences has greatly improved our understanding of the learning process, and we have a much more solid foundation on which to base educational decisions. In this completely revised and updated second edition, Patricia Wolfe clarifies how we can effectively match teaching practice with brain functioning. Encompassing the most recent and relevant research and knowledge, this edition also includes three entirely new chapters that examine brain development from birth through adolescence and identify the impact of exercise, sleep, nutrition, and technology on the brain. Brain Matters begins with a "mini-textbook" on brain anatomy and physiology, bringing the biology of the brain into context with teaching and learning. Wolfe describes how the brain encodes, manipulates, and stores information, and she proposes implications that recent research has for practice--why meaning is essential for attention, how emotion can enhance or impede learning, and how different types of rehearsal are necessary for different types of learning. Finally, Wolfe introduces and examines practical classroom applications and brain-compatible teaching strategies that take advantage of simulations, projects, problem-based learning, graphic organizers, music, active engagement, and mnemonics. These strategies are accompanied by actual classroom scenarios--spanning the content areas and grade levels from lower elementary to high school--that help teachers connect theory with practice

Everyone agrees that what we do in schools should be based on what we know about how the brain learns. Until recently, however, we have had few clues to unlock the secrets of the brain. Now, research from the neurosciences has greatly improved our understanding of the learning process, and we have a much more solid foundation on which to base educational decisions.

In this completely revised and updated second edition, Patricia Wolfe clarifies how we can effectively match teaching practice with brain functioning. Encompassing the most recent and relevant research and knowledge, this edition also includes three entirely new chapters that examine brain development from birth through adolescence and identify the impact of exercise, sleep, nutrition, and technology on the brain.

Brain Matters begins with a mini-textbook on brain anatomy and physiology, bringing the biology of the brain into context with teaching and learning. Wolfe describes how the brain encodes, manipulates, and stores information, and she proposes implications that recent research has for practice-why meaning is essential for attention, how emotion can enhance or impede learning, and how different types of rehearsal are necessary for different types of learning.

Finally, Wolfe introduces and examines practical classroom applications and brain-compatible teaching strategies that take advantage of simulations, projects, problem-based learning, graphic organizers, music, active engagement, and mnemonics. These strategies are accompanied by actual classroom scenarios-spanning the content areas and grade levels from lower elementary to high school-that help teachers connect theory with practice.

Everyone agrees that what we do in schools should be based on what we know about how the brain learns. Until recently, however, we have had few clues to unlock the secrets of the brain. Now, research from the neurosciences has greatly improved our understanding of the learning process, and we have a much more solid foundation on which to base educational decisions.In this completely revised and updated second edition, Patricia Wolfe clarifies how we can effectively match teaching practice with brain functioning. Encompassing the most recent and relevant research and knowledge, this edition also includes three entirely new chapters that examine brain development from birth through adolescence and identify the impact of exercise, sleep, nutrition, and technology on the brain.Brain Matters begins with a'mini-textbook'on brain anatomy and physiology, bringing the biology of the brain into context with teaching and learning. Wolfe describes how the brain encodes, manipulates, and stores information, and she proposes implications that recent research has for practice—why meaning is essential for attention, how emotion can enhance or impede learning, and how different types of rehearsal are necessary for different types of learning.Finally, Wolfe introduces and examines practical classroom applications and brain-compatible teaching strategies that take advantage of simulations, projects, problem-based learning, graphic organizers, music, active engagement, and mnemonics. These strategies are accompanied by actual classroom scenarios—spanning the content areas and grade levels from lower elementary to high school&mdashthat help teachers connect theory with practice.