Brain Edema X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium San Diego, California, October 20–23, 1996 (Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 70)

This volume is a compilation of papers presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Brain Edema held on October 20-23, 1996, in San Diego, California. This follows the sequence of meetings that was initiated 31 years ago in the First International Symposium held in Vienna. Subsequent symposiums were held in Mainz, Montreal, Berlin, Groningen, Tokyo, Baltimore, Bern, and Tokyo CY okohama). A considerable number of papers was chosen from over 100 papers that were received. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the excellent work done in selection of the papers. We also wish to thank all the persons who contributed to the success of the Tenth International Symposium, especially the staff who worked behind the scenes. These papers were reviewed, edited, approved or disapproved by the Editorial Board. Those manuscripts that were felt not pertinent to this publication were not accepted by the Editorial Board. Therefore, the excellent quality of those that are in the book are a reflection of the authors' dedication and work and that of those of the Editorial Board in their review process. For the reader's convenience, the papers are structured according to the various disease processes which are associated with the primary topic: hypertension, hydrocephalus, infection, ischemia, tumor, etc. We do hope that the reader will enjoy the articles and that they will provide an impetus and insight for future work. Front Matter....Pages I-XII Glutamate Uptake and Na,K-ATPase Activity in Rat Astrocyte Cultures Exposed to Ischemia....Pages 1-3 The Role of Calcium Ion in Anoxia/Reoxygenation Damage of Cultured Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells....Pages 4-7 Hypoxia Modulates Free Radical Formation in Brain Microvascular Endothelium....Pages 8-11 Increase in Surface Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin in Human Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Cells Subjected to Ischemia-Like Insults....Pages 12-16 Assessment of the Relationship Between Ischemic Damage and Brain Swelling in Frozen Brain Slices....Pages 17-19 Brain Edema Associated with Progressive Selective Neuronal Death or Impending Infarction in the Cerebral Cortex....Pages 20-22 Blood Volume and Flow Velocity Through Parenchymal Microvessels in Ischemic Brain Edema of Rats....Pages 23-26 Hyperglycemia and the Vascular Effects of Cerebral Ischemia....Pages 27-29 The Effect of Non-Competitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonism on Cerebral Oedema and Cerebral Infarct Size in the Aging Ischaemic Brain....Pages 30-33 Effects of Hyperglycemia on Cerebral Blood Flow and Edema Formation After Carotid Artery Occlusion in Fischer 344 Rats....Pages 34-36 The Mechanism of Free Radical Generation in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells After Anoxia and Reoxygenation....Pages 37-39 Mannitol Decreases ICP but Does Not Improve Brain-Tissue pO 2 in Severely Head-Injured Patients with Intracranial Hypertension....Pages 40-42 A Chronological Evaluation of Experimental Brain Infarct by Diffusion-Mapping and Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging....Pages 43-45 Ultrastructure of Astrocytes Associated with Selective Neuronal Death of Cerebral Cortex After Repeated Ischemia....Pages 46-49 Heterogenous Distribution of Early Energy Failure in Experimental Focal Ischemia of the Cat Brain....Pages 50-52 Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions in Global Cerebral Ischemia....Pages 53-55 Selective Impairments of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Activity During Aging and Ischemic Brain Damage....Pages 56-58 Regional Differences in the Cerebrovascular Reserve Following Acute Global Ischemia in Rabbits....Pages 59-61 Edema Formation Exacerbates Neurological and Histological Outcomes After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase Gene Knockout Mutant Mice....Pages 62-64 Therapeutic Dose and Timing of Administration of RNA Synthesis Inhibitors for Preventing Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage....Pages 65-67 Traumatic Brain Swelling in Head Injured Patients: Brain Edema or Vascular Engorgement?....Pages 68-70 Evaluation of Homeostatic Changes in CSF Circulation: In vivo Analysis of the Effect of Neurotransmitter Accumulation in the Extracellular Space Following Transient Global Ischemia....Pages 71-74 Detection of Brain Atrophy Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using Gravimetric Techniques....Pages 75-77 Altered Brain Oxygen Extraction with Hypoxia and Hypotension Following Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest....Pages 78-79 Posttraumatic Edema in the Corpus Callosum Shown by MRI....Pages 80-83 Detection of Lipid Peroxidation and Hydroxyl Radicals in Brain Contusion of Rats....Pages 84-86 Time Course of Tissue Elasticity and Fluidity in Vasogenic Brain Edema....Pages 87-90 The Penumbra Zone of a Traumatic Cortical Lesion: a Microdialysis Study of Excitatory Amino Acid Release....Pages 91-93 Assessment of Regional Cortical Blood Flow Following Traumatic Lesion of the Brain....Pages 94-95 Comparison of the Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 Response in Children After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury or Septic Shock....Pages 96-97 Changes of MPO Activity and Brain Water Accumulation in Traumatic Brain Injury Experiments....Pages 98-101 Hemodynamic Depression and Microthrombosis in the Peripheral Areas of Cortical Contusion in the Rat: Role of Platelet Activating Factor....Pages 102-105 Characterisation of Brain Edema Following “Controlled Cortical Impact Injury” in Rats....Pages 106-108 The Role of Adenosine During the Period of Delayed Cerebral Swelling After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans....Pages 109-111 Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Patients with Severe Brain Injury and Elevated Intracranial Pressure....Pages 112-114 MRI Diffusion-Weighted Spectroscopy of Reversible and Irreversible Ischemic Injury Following Closed Head Injury....Pages 115-118 Biphasic Pathophysiological Response of Vasogenic and Cellular Edema in Traumatic Brain Swelling....Pages 119-122 Intracranial Pressure in a Modified Experimental Model of Closed Head Injury....Pages 123-125 Hypertonk/Hyperoncotic Saline Reliably Reduces ICP in Severely Head-Injured Patients with Intracranial Hypertension....Pages 126-129 Topical Application of Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Reduces Edema and Upregulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord....Pages 130-133 Prostaglandins Modulate Constitutive Isoform of Heat Shock Protein (72 kD) Response Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord....Pages 134-137 The Effect of Endothelins on Ion Transport Systems in Cultured Rat Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells....Pages 138-140 Neurotoxicity of Serum Components, Comparison Between CA1 and Striatum....Pages 141-143 Role of Calcium Ions in Acidosis-Induced Glial Swelling....Pages 144-147 Glutamate Induced Astroglial Swelling — Methods and Mechanisms....Pages 148-151 Impaired Learning of Active Avoidance in Water-Intoxicated Rats....Pages 152-154 Topical Application of 5-HT Antibodies Reduces Edema and Cell Changes Following Trauma of the Rat Spinal Cord....Pages 155-158 Steroids Decrease Uptake of Carboplatin in Rat Gliomas — Uptake Improved by Intracarotid Infusion of Bradykinin Analog, RMP-7....Pages 159-161 Effect of Glycerol on Blood Flow Distribution in Tumoral and Peritumoral Brain Tissue....Pages 162-164 Assessment of Vasoreactivity in Brain Edema by Acetazolamide Activation SPECT and PET....Pages 165-166 Tumor Specific Contrast Enhancement Study of Mn-Metalloporphyrin (ATN-10) — Comparison of Rat Brain Tumor Model, Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Edema Models....Pages 167-169 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) Mapping of Experimental Brain Tumor....Pages 170-172 The Origin of Lactate in Peritumoral Edema as Measured by Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging....Pages 173-175 Neuroprotective Properties of a Novel Antioxidant (U-101033E) with Improved Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Focal Cerebral Ischemia....Pages 176-178 Effect of α-Trinositol on Swelling and Damage of Glial Cells by Lactacidosis and Glutamate....Pages 179-181 Effects of Lecithinized SOD on Contusion Injury in Rats....Pages 182-184 Extracellular Changes of Taurine in the Peri-Infarct Zone: Effect of Lubeluzole....Pages 185-187 Effect of Tromethamine (THAM) on Infarct Volume Following Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats....Pages 188-190 Antioxidant, OPC-14117, Attenuates Edema Formation and Behavioral Deficits Following Cortical Contusion in Rats....Pages 191-193 OPC-21268, an Orally Effective, Nonpeptide Arginine Vasopressin V 1 Receptor Antagonist Reduces Vasogenic Brain Edema....Pages 194-197 Treatment of Acute Intracranial Hypertension with RU 51599, a Selective Kappa Opioid Agonist....Pages 198-201 The Effect of Nitric Oxide Inhibition on Ischemic Brain Edema....Pages 202-205 Blood-Brain Barrier Disturbances After rt-PA Treatment of Thromboembolic Stroke in the Rat....Pages 206-208 The Effect of Dotarizine (Ca 2+ Channel Blocker) on Cerebral Vessel Reactivity in Animals Subjected to Hyperventilation and Anoxia....Pages 209-211 Substance P Endopeptidase Activity in the Rat Spinal Cord Following Injury: Influence of the New Anti-Oxidant Compound H 290/51....Pages 212-215 Benzodiazepine Receptors Influence Spinal Cord Evoked Potentials and Edema Following Trauma to the Rat Spinal Cord....Pages 216-219 Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases Following Brain Injury in Rats....Pages 220-221 Expression of Annexin and Annexin-mRNA in Rat Brain Under Influence of Steroid Drugs....Pages 222-224 Role of Protein Kinase C in Acidosis Induced Glial Swelling —Current Understanding....Pages 225-227 Dependence of Basal Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Vascular Resistance in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Upon Vasoconstrictor Prostanoids....Pages 228-230 The Mechanism of Reversible Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Role of Intracellular Calcium Ion in Capillary Endothelial Cells....Pages 231-233 Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Edema Formation, and Apoptotic Neuronal Death Following Cold Injury....Pages 234-236 Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, HSP70 Expression and Apoptosis Due to 3-Nitropropionie Acid, a Mitochondrial Toxin....Pages 237-239 Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown Occurs Early After Traumatic Brain Injury and is not Related to White Blood Cell Adherence....Pages 240-242 Acute Blood-Brain Barrier Changes in Experimental Closed Head Injury as Measured by MRI and Gd-DTPA....Pages 243-246 Transport of Human β-Amyloid Peptide Through the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier After Global Cerebral Ischemia....Pages 247-249 Enhanced Brain Opioid Receptor Activity Precedes Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption....Pages 250-253 The Effects of Methylmethacrylate’s Hyperthermic Polymerization on Cerebral Vascular Permeability....Pages 254-256 Intraischemic Hypothermia During Pretreatment with Sublethal Ischemia Reduces the Induction of Ischemic Tolerance in the Gerbil Hippocampus....Pages 257-259 The Relationship Between Brain Temperature and Neutrophil Accumulation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats....Pages 260-261 Effect of Mild and Moderate Hypothermia on the Acidosis-Induced Swelling of Glial Cells....Pages 262-264 Cerebral Vascular Response to Hypertonic Fluid Resuscitation in Thermal Injury....Pages 265-266 Morphologic Analysis of the Cerebral Microcirculation After Thermal Injury and the Response to Fluid Resuscitation....Pages 267-268 Role of Neurochemicals in Brain Edema and Cell Changes Following Hyperthermic Brain Injury in the Rat....Pages 269-274 Acute Heat Stress Induces Edema and Nitric Oxide Synthase Upregulation and Down-Regulates mRNA Levels of the NMDAR1, NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B Subunits in the Rat Hippocampus....Pages 275-278 Choroid Plexus Ion Transporter Expression and Cerebrospinal Fluid Secretion....Pages 279-281 Effect of Infection Brain Edema on NMDA Receptor Binding in Rat Brain in vivo ....Pages 282-284 The Rapid Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Ventricles to Cisterns via Subarachnoid Velae in the Normal Rat....Pages 285-287 Quantitative Analysis of Brain Edema Resolution into the Cerebral Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space....Pages 288-290 Responses of Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation to Activation of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex During Electrical Stimulation of the Forearm....Pages 291-292 A New Model of Spinal Cord Edema....Pages 293-295 Assessment of the CAMINO Intracranial Pressure Device in Clinical Practice....Pages 296-298 Back Matter....Pages 299-302 This volume is a compilation of the 92 papers that were presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Brain Edema. As in previous volumes, brain edema and disturbances of metabolism arising from acute insults of any etiology, are the central issues of research. The supportive role of biochemically activated mediators, changes in blood-brain barrier, spread of the edema process, always elicit great scientific as well as clinical interest. Therapeutic interventions can only be effectively directed to these problems once the understanding of the underlying biochemical disturbances, disturbances in cerebral perfusion and parallel events, are mastered. This volume presents a comprehensive survey of the present state of the art and gives the directions for further research