Brain Edema VIII : Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, Bern, June 17–20, 1990

25 years have passed since a small group met for the First International Symposia on Brain Edema in Vienna. Subsequent Symposia were held in Mainz, Montreal, Berlin, Groningen, Tokyo and Baltimore. During this time we have witnessed a virtual explosion of the number of publications in this field and our basic and clinical understanding of this disease process has increased tremendously. Our meetings have always been a landmark to take stock of our experience so far and to provide perspectives toward future developments. In addition, it always was a good opportunity to renew old friendship and to make new friends. This volume is a compilation of papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema held on June 17-20, 1990 in Bern, Switzerland. During this Symposium 158 papers were presented as oral or poster presentations. This considerable number of papers was chosen from more than 230 abstracts that were received. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the work done in paper selection and focus on the Symposium. Appreciation is also given to all persons, who have contributed to the success of this meeting, the Chairmen, the participants and last but not least all the staff who worked behind the scene. Front Matter....Pages I-XIII Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Klaus Joachim Zülch In Memoriam....Pages 1-2 Effects of Lactacidosis on Volume and Viability of Glial Cells....Pages 3-6 Mechanisms Underlying Glutamate-induced Swelling of Astrocytes in Primary Culture....Pages 7-10 The Mechanical Filtration Coefficient (L p ) of the Cell Membrane of Cultured Glioma Cells (C 6 )....Pages 11-13 Swelling of Astroglia in vitro and the Effect of Arginine Vasopressin and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide....Pages 14-16 Brain Interstitial Composition During Acute Hyponatremia....Pages 17-18 Do the Skull and Dura Exert Influence on Brain Volume Regulation Following Hypo- and Hyperosmolar Fluid Treatment?....Pages 19-21 In vivo Measurement of Intra- and Extracellular Space of Brain Tissue by Electrical Impedance Method....Pages 22-24 Intracellular pH Regulation of Normal Rat Brain: 31 P-MRS Study....Pages 25-27 Measurement of Canine Cerebral Oedema Using Time Domain Reflectometry....Pages 28-30 A New Mapping Study of Superoxide Free Radicals, Vascular Permeability and Energy Metabolism in Central Nervous System....Pages 31-33 Measurement of Brain Tissue Density Using Pycnometry....Pages 34-36 Experimental Studies for Use of Magnetic Resonance in Brain Water Measurements....Pages 37-38 MR Studies of Brain Oedema in the Developing Animal....Pages 39-42 Passage of DMP Across a Disrupted BBB in the Context of Antibody-mediated MR Imaging of Brain Metastases....Pages 43-45 Continuous Monitoring of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening to Cr 51 -EDTA by Microdialysis Following Probe Injury....Pages 46-48 Effects of Antineutrophil Serum (ANS) on Posttraumatic Brain Oedema in Rats....Pages 49-51 The Effect of Immunosuppression with Whole Body and Regional Irradiation on the Development of Cerebral Oedema in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Haemorrhage....Pages 52-54 Effect of Stimulation of Leukocyte Chemotaxis by fMLP on White Blood Cell Behaviour in the Microcirculation of Rat Brain....Pages 55-57 Leukotriene Production by Human Glia....Pages 58-60 The Role of Arachidonic Acid and Oxygen Radicals on Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Permeability....Pages 61-64 Possible Mechanism of Vasogenic Brain Oedema Induced by Arachidonic Acid....Pages 65-67 Effects of the Arachidonate Lipoxygenase Inhibitor BW755C on Traumatic and Peritumoural Brain Oedema....Pages 68-70 The Contribution of Secondary Mediators to the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Brain Oedema: Studies Using a Feline Infusion Oedema Model....Pages 71-73 Comparative Effects of Direct and Indirect Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers on Traumatic Brain Oedema....Pages 74-76 The Effects of Cerebral Haemodynamics on the Progression of Cold-Induced Oedema....Pages 77-78 Cryogenic Brain Oedema: Loss of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation as a Cause of Intracranial Hypertension. Implications for Treatment....Pages 79-81 An Electron Microscopic and Electron Probe Study of the Microcirculation in Cold-induced Oedema....Pages 82-83 Accumulation of Oedema Fluid in Deep White Matter After Cerebral Cold Injury....Pages 84-86 A Microstructural Study of Oedema Resolution....Pages 87-89 Routed Protein Migration After Protein Extravasation and Water Leakage Caused by Cold Injury....Pages 90-92 Immunocytochemical Studies of Oedema Protein Clearance in the Rat....Pages 93-95 Effects of Anaesthetic Agents on Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Oedema from a Focal Lesion in Rabbit Brain....Pages 97-99 Dose- and Time-dependent Effects of Dexamethasone on Rat Brain Following Cold-injury Oedema....Pages 100-103 The Effect of Various Steroid Treatment Regimens on Cold-induced Brain Swelling....Pages 104-106 Steroid and Hyperosmotic Diuretic Effects on the Early Phase of Experimental Vasogenic Oedema....Pages 107-109 The Ambivalent Effects of Early and Late Administration of Mannitol in Cold-induced Brain Oedema....Pages 110-112 Magnetic Resonance Study of Brain Oedema Induced by Cold Injury — Changes in Relaxation Times Before and After the Administration of Glycerol....Pages 113-115 Transient Effect of Mannitol on Cerebral Blood Flow Following Brain Injury....Pages 116-117 Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Brain Oedema: The Change of Water, Sodium, and Potassium Contents in the Brain....Pages 118-121 In vivo Measurement of Brain Water by MRI....Pages 123-124 1 H-NMR Studies on Water Structures in the Rat Brain Tissues with Cerebral Tumour or Ischaemia....Pages 125-127 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Regional Biochemical Analysis of Experimental Brain Tumours in Cats....Pages 128-130 Magnetic Resonance Studies in Human Brain Oedema Following Administration of Hyperosmotic Agents....Pages 131-133 MRI Contrast Enhancement by MnTPPS of Experimental Brain Tumours in Rats....Pages 134-136 Human Malignant Gliomas Secrete a Factor that Increases Brain Capillary Permeability: Role in Peritumoural Brain Oedema....Pages 137-139 Selective Opening of the Blood-Tumour Barrier by Intracarotid Infusion of Leukotriene C 4 ....Pages 140-141 Oxygen Free Radicals in the Genesis of Peritumoural Brain Oedema in Experimental Malignant Brain Tumours....Pages 142-144 Effect of Recombinant Human Lipocortin I on Brain Oedema in a Rat Glioma Model....Pages 145-147 Formation and Resolution of White Matter Oedema in Various Types of Brain Tumours....Pages 149-151 Fluid Flow Rates in Human Peritumoural Oedema....Pages 152-154 The Finite Element Analysis of Brain Oedema Associated with Intracranial Meningiomas....Pages 155-157 The Effect of the Aminosteroid U-78517G on Peritumoural Brain Oedema....Pages 158-159 Novel 21-aminosteroids Prevent Tumour Associated Neurological Dysfunction....Pages 160-162 Therapeutic Effects of Topical Dexamethasone on Experimental Brain Tumours and Peritumoural Brain Oedema....Pages 163-164 Evaluation of Glucose Transport in Malignant Glioma by PET....Pages 165-167 Cerebral Blood Flow and Rheologic Alterations by Hyperosmolar Therapy in Patients with Brain Oedema....Pages 168-169 Restoration of Energy Metabolism and Resolution of Oedema Following Profound Ischaemia....Pages 171-173 Selective, Delayed Increase in Transfer Constants for Cerebrovascular Permeation of Blood-Borne 3 H-Sucrose Following Forebrain Ischaemia in the Rat....Pages 174-176 Electrical Impedance, rCBF, Survival and Histology in Mongolian Gerbils with Forebrain Ischaemia....Pages 177-179 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors, Oxido-reductive Processes and Brain Oedema Following Transient Ischaemia in Gerbils....Pages 180-182 Cellular Swelling During Cerebral Ischaemia Demonstrated by Microdialysis in vivo : Preliminary Data Indicating the Role of Excitatory Amino Acids....Pages 183-185 Role of Neuroexcitation in Development of Blood-Brain Barrier and Oedematous Changes Following Cerebral Ischaemia and Traumatic Brain Injury....Pages 186-188 Inducible Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression in Brain Subject to Vasogenic Oedema After Transient Ischaemia: Relationship to C- fos Gene Expression....Pages 189-191 Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase System....Pages 192-194 The Role of Endothelial Second Messenger’s-Generating System in the Pathogenesis of Brain Oedema....Pages 195-197 Effect of Glutamate and Its Antagonist on Shift of Water from Extra- to Intracellular Space After Cerebral Ischaemia....Pages 198-200 Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic Brain Oedema....Pages 201-203 Suppression of Water Shift into Intracellular Space by TA-3090 (Calcium Entry Blocker) Measured with NMR....Pages 204-206 Early Detection of Ischemic Injury: Comparison of Spectroscopy, Diffusion-, T2-, and Magnetic Susceptibility-Weighted MRI in Cats....Pages 207-209 Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging and T2-Weighted MR Imaging in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia: Comparison and Correlation with Histopathology....Pages 210-212 Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Following CPR in Piglets....Pages 213-215 Relationship Between Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Sodium and Albumin in Cerebral Infarcts of Rats....Pages 216-219 Extravasation of Albumin in Ischaemic Brain Oedema....Pages 220-222 Pathophysiological Studies in the Rat Cerebral Embolization Model: Measurement of Epidural Pressure and Evaluation of Tissue pH and ATP....Pages 223-225 Determiners of Fatal Reperfusion Brain Oedema....Pages 226-229 Brain Oedema and Intracranial Pressure in Superior Sagittal Sinus Balloon Occlusion. An Experimental Study in Pigs....Pages 231-232 Early Pathomorphological Changes and Intracranial Volume-Pressure: Relations Following the Experimental Saggital Sinus Occlusion....Pages 233-235 Liposome-entrapped Superoxide Dismutase Ameliorates Infarct Volume in Focal Cerebral Ischaemia....Pages 236-238 Effects of Ebselen (PZ 51) on Ischaemic Brain Oedema After Focal Ischaemia in Cats....Pages 239-241 Post-ischaemic Treatment with the Prostacycline Analogue TTC-909 Reduces Ischaemic Brain Injury....Pages 242-244 Attenuation of Glutamate-induced Neuronal Swelling and Toxicity in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase....Pages 245-247 Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic Brain Oedema Evaluated by the Proton Magnetic Resonance Method....Pages 248-250 Nimodipine Attenuates Both Ischaemia-induced Brain Oedema and Mortality in a Rat Novel Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model....Pages 251-253 MR Evaluation of Calcium Entry Blockers with Putative Cerebroprotective Effects in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia....Pages 254-255 Effect of Steroid Therapy on Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Blood to Brain Sodium Transport....Pages 256-258 Dexamethasone Does not Influence Infarct Size but Causes Haemorrhage in Baboons with Cerebral Infarcts....Pages 259-260 Brain Oedema in Experimental Closed Head Injury in the Rat....Pages 261-262 Development of Regional Cerebral Oedema After Lateral Fluid-Percussion Brain Injury in the Rat....Pages 263-264 Survival and Fibre Outgrowth of Neuronal Cells Transplanted into Brain Areas Associated with Interstitial Oedema....Pages 265-267 Effect of Murine Recombinant Interleukin-1 on Brain Oedema in the Rat....Pages 268-270 Early Cellular Swelling in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury: A Phenomenon Mediated by Excitatory Amino Acids....Pages 271-273 Changes in Extracellular Glutamate Concentration After Acute Subdural Haematoma in the Rat — Evidence for an “Excitotoxic” Mechanism?....Pages 274-276 Ischaemic Brain Damage Associated with Tissue Hypermetabolism in Acute Subdural Haematoma: Reduction by a Glutamate Antagonist....Pages 277-279 Autoradiographic Patterns of Brain Interstitial Fluid Flow After Collagenase-induced Haemorrhage in Rat....Pages 280-282 Analysis of MRI and SPECT in Patients with Acute Head Injury....Pages 283-285 The Time Course of Vasogenic Oedema After Focal Human Head Injury — Evidence from SPECT Mapping of Blood Brain Barrier Defects....Pages 286-288 Intracerebral Haematoma: Aetiology and Haematoma Volume Determine the Amount and Progression of Brain Oedema....Pages 289-291 Gadolinium-DTPA Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human Head Injury....Pages 293-295 Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Traumatic Brain Contusions....Pages 296-299 Large and Small “Holes” in the Brain: Reversible or Irreversible Changes in Head Injury....Pages 300-301 Hemispheric CBF-Alterations in the Time Course of Focal and Diffuse Brain Injury....Pages 302-304 Correlations Between Brain Oedema Volume on CT and CSF Dynamics in Severely Head Injured Patients....Pages 305-307 Oedema Fluid Formation Within Contused Brain Tissue as a Cause of Medically Uncontrollable Elevation of Intracranial Pressure: The Role of Surgical Therapy....Pages 308-310 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neurobehavioural Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury....Pages 311-314 The Effect of Nimodipine on Outcome After Head Injury: A Prospective Randomised Control Trial....Pages 315-316 Effect of THAM on Brain Oedema in Experimental Brain Injury....Pages 317-319 A Comparative Analysis of THAM (Tris-buffer) in Traumatic Brain Oedema....Pages 320-323 A Comparison of the Cerebral and Haemodynamic Effects of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline in an Animal Model of Brain Injury....Pages 324-325 Traumatic Brain Swelling and Operative Decompression: A Prospective Investigation....Pages 326-328 The Novel 21-aminosteroid U-74006F Attenuates Cerebral Oedema and Improves Survival After Brain Injury in the Rat....Pages 329-330 The Increase in Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization Following Fluid Percussion Brain Injury is Prevented with Kynurenic Acid and is Associated with an Increase in Calcium....Pages 331-333 Presence of Transendothelial Channels in Cerebral Endothelium in Chronic Hypertension....Pages 335-337 Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Caused by Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation During Chronic Cerebral Vasospasm in Primates....Pages 338-340 Effect of L-arginine on Haemoglobin-induced Inhibition of Endothelium-dependent Relaxation of Isolated Cerebral Arteries....Pages 341-343 Cerebrovascular Permeability in Acute Hypertension: Effect of Flunarizine....Pages 344-345 Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition Prevents Cerebral Oedema During Hyperammonemia....Pages 346-347 Hydrocephalic Oedema in Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus....Pages 348-350 Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in Hydrostatic Brain Oedema....Pages 351-353 Changes in Free Water Content and Energy Metabolism of the Brain in Experimental Hydrocephalus....Pages 354-356 Venous and Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow in Patients with Brain Swelling and Oedema....Pages 357-361 Brain Water Accumulation in Pseudotumour Cerebri Demonstrated by MR-imaging of Brain Water Self-Diffusion....Pages 363-365 Pseudotumour Cerebri-neurosurgical Considerations....Pages 366-368 Clinical Evaluation and Long-Term Follow-up in 16 Patients with Pseudotumour Cerebri....Pages 369-371 Polyamine Accumulation and Vasogenic Oedema in the Genesis of Late Delayed Radiation Injury of the Central Nervous System (CNS)....Pages 372-374 Dynamics of Tracer Distribution in Radiation Induced Brain Oedema in Rats....Pages 375-377 Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits Brain Oedema Formation in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis....Pages 378-380 Perifocal Brain Oedema in Experimental Brain Abscess in Rats....Pages 381-382 Brain Oedema and Cellular Changes Induced by Acute Heat Stress in Young Rats....Pages 383-386 Automated Time-averaged Analysis of Craniospinal Compliance (Short Pulse Response)....Pages 387-390 Changes in Epidural Pulse Pressure in Brain Oedema Following Experimental Focal Ischaemia....Pages 391-393 Hemodynamic Effects of Decompressive Craniectomy in Cold Induced Brain Oedema....Pages 394-396 Blood Flow and Metabolism in Vasogenic Oedema....Pages 397-400 Effect of Mannitol on Intracranial Pressure-Volume Status and Cerebral Haemodynamics in Brain Oedema....Pages 401-403 Effect of Gammahydroxybutyrate on Intracranial Pressure, Mean Systemic Arterial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Experimentally Induced Brain Oedema of the Rat....Pages 404-406 Evaluation of Oedema Spreading and Intracranial Volume Reserve Using CT Image Numerical Analysis....Pages 407-408 Quantitative Analysis of CT Visualized Periventricular and Perifocal Brain Oedema by Means of CSF Dynamics Infusion Test....Pages 409-410 VPF and Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Brain Oedema....Pages 411-413 Back Matter....Pages 415-417 This book is a compilation of papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema, held from June 17-20, 1990, in Bern, Switzerland. The Symposium explored aspects from clinical medicine as well as basic science. Clinicians and scientists from many fields of neuroscience contributed to the state-of-the art presentations and discussions. The papers are grouped for the reader's convenience. Besides chapters on pathophysiology, the papers focus on the major disease processes associated with brain edema: tumors, trauma, ischemia, hydrocephalus, hypertension, infection, pseudotumor cerebri, etc. Thus a coherent presentation is given of the neuropathology, pathophysiology including cellular and molecular phenomena, clinical findings, in vivo diagnosis with MRI as well as therapeutic aspects of a given entity. A major issue was the role of biochemical active mediator substances in opening the blood brain barrier and the development of edema. Methods of their specific inhibition may become the most important and effective therapeutic interventions in the future. The editors, authors and Springer-Verlag have made a great effort to publish this volume - the eighth in the series - within six months after the Symposium. Thus, the volume reflects an up-to-date knowledge of the disease and the possible modes of treatment as well as new advances in innovative research. The book provides important information for all those who are clinically or scientifically involved with this disease