Brain-Computer Interfaces : Principles and Practice

"In the last 15 years, a recognizable surge in the field of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) research and development has emerged. This emergence has sprung from a variety of factors. For one, inexpensive computer hardware and software is now available and can support the complex high-speed analyses of brain activity that is essential is BCI. Another factor is the greater understanding of the central nervous system including the abundance of new information on the nature and functional correlates of brain signals and improved methods for recording these signals in both the short-term and long-term. And the third, and perhaps most significant factor, is the new recognition of the needs and abilities of people disabled by disorders such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, and muscular dystrophies. The severely disabled are now able to live for many years and even those with severely limited voluntary muscle control can now be given the most basic means of communication and control because of the recent advances in the technology, research, and applications of BCI. This book is intended to provide an introduction to and summary of essentially all major aspects of BCI research and development. Its goal is to be a comprehensive, balanced, and coordinated presentation of the field's key principles, current practice, and future prospects. Contributors PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Brain-Computer Interfaces: Something New under the Sun Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw PART II: BRAIN SIGNALS FOR BCIs 2. Neuronal Activity in Motor Cortex and Related Areas Lee E. Miller and Nicholas Hatsopoulos 3. Electric and Magnetic Fields Produced by the Brain Paul L. Nunez 4. Signals Reflecting Brain Metabolic Activity Nick F. Ramsey PART III: BCI DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND OPERATION 5. Acquiring Brain Signals from Within the Brain Kevin Otto, Kip A. Ludwig, Daryl R. Kipke 6. Acquiring Brain Signals from Outside the Brain Ramesh Srinivasan 7. BCI Signal Processing: Feature Extraction Dean J. Krusienski, Dennis J. McFarland, and Jose C. Principe 8. BCI Signal Processing: Feature Translation Dennis J. McFarland and Dean J. Krusienski 9. BCI Hardware and Software J. Adam Wilson, Christoph Guger, and Gerwin Schalk 10. BCI Operating Protocols Steven G. Mason, Brendan Z. Allison, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw 11. BCI Applications Jane E. Huggins and Debra Zeitlin PART IV: EXISTING BCIs 12. BCIs that Use P300 Event-Related Potentials Eric W. Sellers, Yael Arbel, and Emanuel Donchin 13. BCIs that Use Sensorimotor Rhythms Gert Pfurtscheller and Dennis J. McFarland 14. BCIs that Use Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials or Slow Cortical Potentials Brendan Z. Allison, Josef Faller, and Christa Neuper 15. BCIs that Use Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Activity Gerwin Schalk 16. BCIs that Use Signals Recorded in Motor Cortex John P. Donoghue 17. BCIs that Use Signals Recorded in Parietal or Premotor Cortex Hansjorg Scherberger 18. BCIs that Use Brain Metabolic Signals Ranganatha Sitaram, Sangkyung Lee, and Niels Birbaumer PART V: USING BCIs 19. BCI Users and Their Needs Leigh R. Hochberg and Kim D. Anderson 20. Clinical Evaluation of BCIs Theresa M. Vaughan, Eric W. Sellers, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw 21. Dissemination: Getting BCIs to the People Who Need Them Frances J.R. Richmond and Gerald E. Loeb 22. BCI Therapeutic Applications for Improving Brain Function Janis J. Daly and Ranganatha Sitaram 23. BCI Applications for the General Population Benjamin Blankertz, Michael Tangermann, and Klaus-Robert Mu?ller 24. Ethical Issues in BCI Research Mary-Jane Schneider, Joseph J. Fins, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw PART VI: CONCLUSION 25. The Future of BCIs: Meeting the Expectations Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw Index Brain-computer interfaces : something new under the sun / Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw Neuronal activity in motor cortex and related areas / Lee E. Miller and Nicholas Hatsopoulos Electric and magnetic fields produced by the brain Paul L. Nunez Signals reflecting brain metabolic activity / Nick F. Ramsey Acquiring brain signals from within the brain / Kevin Otto, Kip A. Ludwig, Daryl R. Kipke Acquiring brain signals from outside the brain / Ramesh Srinivasan BCI signal processing : feature extraction / Dean J. Krusienski, Dennis J. McFarland, and José C. Princøpe BCI signal processing : feature translation / Dennis J. McFarland and Dean J. Krusienski BCI hardware and software / J. Adam Wilson, Christoph Guger, and Gerwin Schalk BCI operating protocols / Steven G. Mason, Brendan Z. Allison, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw BCI applications / Jane E. Huggins and Debra Zeitlin BCIS that use p300 event-related potentials / Eric W. Sellers, Yael Arbel, and Emanuel Donchin BCIS that use sensorimotor rhythms / Gert Pfurtscheller and Dennis J. McFarland BCIS that use steady-state visual evoked potentials or slow cortical potentials / Brendan Z. Allison, Josef Faller, and Christa Neuper BCIS that use electrocorticographic (ECOG) activity / Gerwin Schalk BCIS that use signals recorded in motor cortex / John P. Donoghue BCIS that use signals recorded in parietal or premotor cortex / Hansjg Scherberger BCIS that use brain metabolic signals / Ranganatha Sitaram, Sangkyung Lee, and Niels Birbaumer BCI users and their needs / Leigh R. Hochberg and Kim D. Anderson Clinical evaluation of BCIS / Theresa M. Vaughan, Eric W. Sellers, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw Dissemination : getting BCIS to the people who need them / Frances J.R. Richmond and Gerald E. Loeb BCI therapeutic applications for improving brain function / Janis J. Daly and Ranganatha Sitaram BCI applications for the general population / Benjamin Blankertz, Michael Tangermann, and Klaus-Robert Muller Ethical issues in BCI research / Mary-Jane Schneider, Joseph J. Fins, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw The future of BCIS : meeting the expectations / Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Elizabeth Winter Wolpaw.