Brain-Computer-Interfaces in their ethical, social and cultural contexts (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology Book 12)

This volume summarizes the ethical, social and cultural contexts of interfacing brains and computers. It is intended for the interdisciplinary community of BCI stakeholders. Insofar, engineers, neuroscientists, psychologists, physicians, care-givers and also users and their relatives are concerned. For about the last twenty years brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) have been investigated with increasing intensity and have in principle shown their potential to be useful tools in diagnostics, rehabilitation and assistive technology. The central promise of BCI technology is enabling severely impaired people in mobility, grasping, communication, and entertainment. Successful applications are for instance communication devices enabling locked-in patients in staying in contact with their environment, or prostheses enabling paralysed people in reaching and grasping. In addition to this, it serves as an introduction to the whole field of BCI for any interested reader. -- Provided by publisher Contents 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 Part I: Applications 12 Chapter 2: Brain-Computer Interfaces and Assistive Technology 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 BCIs for Communication 16 2.2.1 Visual P300 Paradigms 16 2.2.2 Auditory and Tactile Paradigms 18 2.2.3 Alternative Implementations of BCI-Controlled Communication 19 2.3 Hybrid BCIs 21 2.3.1 BCIs as an Additional Input Channel 22 2.3.2 BCIs as an Alternative Input Channel 22 2.3.3 Fusion of Multiple Input Channels 23 2.4 BCIs for Grasping and Reaching 24 2.4.1 Grasp Neuroprostheses 24 2.4.2 Hybrid Neuroprosthesis for Grasping and Reaching 26 2.4.3 BCIs for Control of Neuroprostheses 27 2.5 BCIs for Mobility 31 2.5.1 Principles of Shared Control 32 2.5.2 BCIs for Wheelchair Control 33 2.5.3 BCIs for Control of Telepresence Robots 35 2.6 Conclusion 37 References 37 Chapter 3: Brain-Computer Interfaces and Diagnosis 45 3.1 The Challenge of Diagnosis in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness 45 3.2 BCIs as a Diagnostic Tool in Patients with DOC 46 3.3 Future Perspectives 48 3.4 Conclusion 51 References 52 Chapter 4: Brain-Computer Interfaces and Therapy 54 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 BCI, Neurofeedback and EEG-Based Treatment Protocols 55 4.3 BCI and Rehabilitation of Motor Functions 55 4.4 BCI for Rehabilitation of Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits 57 4.5 BCI-Assisted Mental Practice and Rehabilitation 58 4.6 Ethical Issues (Caveats) Emerging from the Therapeutic Use of BCI 60 4.6.1 Iatrogenic Effects 60 4.6.2 Cognitive/Behavioral Treatments 61 References 61 Part II: Stakeholders and Perspectives 65 Chapter 5: Brain-Computer Interfaces as an Emerging Assistive Technology (AT): The AT Professionals ́ Perspective 66 5.1 Assistive Technology: A Professional Field of Intervention 66 5.1.1 Assistive Technology Professionals 66 5.1.2 Assistive Technology and Related Fields 67 5.1.3 Identifying Appropriate Solutions 68 5.1.4 Meeting the User ́s Needs: The Evaluation of Outcomes 69 5.2 BCI Technology: The AT Professional ́s Perspective 71 5.2.1 Just Another New Assistive Technology? 72 5.2.2 Discovering the BCI Together with End Users 73 5.2.3 New Interfaces for New Forms of Interaction 74 5.2.4 Objective: At the User ́s Home 75 5.2.5 Results and Conclusions 75 References 77 Chapter 6: Psychological Perspectives: Quality of Life and Motivation 79 6.1 Quality of Life in End-Users of BCI Technology 79 6.2 Motivation Influences BCI-Based Communication 81 References 84 Chapter 7: Emerging BCI Opportunities from a Market Perspective 87 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 Emerging Directions 88 7.2.1 Research Trends 88 7.2.2 Examples from the Market 90 7.2.2.1 Spelling 90 7.2.2.2 Screen-Overlay Control 91 7.2.2.3 Painting 92 7.2.2.4 Connecting Minds 92 7.2.2.5 Avatar Control 93 7.2.2.6 Stroke Rehabilitation 94 7.2.2.7 Functional Mapping 94 7.2.2.8 Invasive Options 95 7.3 Outlook 96 References 98 Chapter 8: Between Neuro-potentials and Aesthetic Perception. Pingo Ergo Sum 101 8.1 Raffaelle Locked In 101 8.2 The History of Brain Painting 102 8.3 Pingo Ergo Sum 104 8.4 Extending `Pingo Ergo Sum ́ 108 References 110 Chapter 9: My BCI Vision 111 9.1 About Me 111 9.2 My Path to BCI 112 9.3 My World and My Art 112 9.4 My Future and the Future of BCI 114 References 116 Chapter 10: The Users ́ Perspective 117 10.1 Introduction 117 10.2 Questions and Answers 118 Chapter 11: Relatives ́ Report 128 Part III: Reflections 130 Chapter 12: A Tour of Some Brain/Neuronal-Computer Interfaces 131 12.1 Introduction 131 12.2 Robots with Biological Brains 132 12.3 Deep Brain Stimulation 135 12.4 General Purpose Brain Implants 137 12.5 Non-invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces 140 12.6 Subdermal Magnetic Implants 142 12.7 Conclusions 143 References 144 Chapter 13: Philosophical Reflections on Brain-Computer Interfaces 146 13.1 BCI as an Exemplary Case Study in the Philosophy of ICT 146 13.2 Epistemological Reflections on Adaptive BCI Systems 148 13.3 Protecting BCI User Autonomy 149 13.4 Ascribing Responsibilities and Liabilities 151 13.5 Informed Consent and Respect for Persons 152 13.6 The Protection of Agentivity and Consciousness 154 13.7 Communicating BCI Research Programs and Achievements 157 References 159 Chapter 14: Brain-Computer Interfaces and User Responsibility 162 14.1 Introduction 162 14.2 BCIs 163 14.3 Concept of Responsibility 165 14.4 Three Novel Aspects 165 14.5 Extent of Responsibility 168 14.5.1 Claim 1: BCIs Can Reduce the Extent of Responsibility 168 14.5.2 Claim 2: BCIs Can Extend Responsibility 170 14.5.3 Assessment 172 14.6 Allocation of Responsibility 173 14.6.1 Claim 3: BCIs Problematize the Allocation of Responsibility 174 14.6.2 Claim 4: BCIs Will Make It Easier to Allocate Responsibility for Actions 176 14.6.3 Assessment 177 14.7 Conclusion 179 References 180 Chapter 15: On Human-Computer Interaction in Brain-Computer Interfaces 182 15.1 Introduction 182 15.2 Transhumanism 183 15.3 Human-Computer Interaction 184 15.4 Some Empirical Results 186 15.5 Conclusion 188 References 189 Chapter 16: BCI and a User ́s Judgment of Agency 191 16.1 Introduction 191 16.2 BCI and Agency: The Theoretical Issues 192 16.3 Experimental Inspiration 193 16.4 Experiment 1 194 16.5 Experiment 2 196 16.6 Differences Between the Two Experiments Potentially Relevant to JoA 197 16.7 Conclusion 198 References 199 Front Matter....Pages i-vi Introduction....Pages 1-4 Front Matter....Pages 5-5 Brain–Computer Interfaces and Assistive Technology....Pages 7-38 Brain-Computer Interfaces and Diagnosis....Pages 39-47 Brain-Computer Interfaces and Therapy....Pages 49-59 Front Matter....Pages 61-61 Brain-Computer Interfaces as an Emerging Assistive Technology (AT): The AT Professionals’ Perspective....Pages 63-75 Psychological Perspectives: Quality of Life and Motivation....Pages 77-84 Emerging BCI Opportunities from a Market Perspective....Pages 85-98 Between Neuro-potentials and Aesthetic Perception. Pingo Ergo Sum....Pages 99-108 My BCI Vision....Pages 109-114 The Users’ Perspective....Pages 115-125 Relatives’ Report....Pages 127-128 Front Matter....Pages 129-129 A Tour of Some Brain/Neuronal–Computer Interfaces....Pages 131-145 Philosophical Reflections on Brain–Computer Interfaces....Pages 147-162 Brain–Computer Interfaces and User Responsibility....Pages 163-182 On Human–Computer Interaction in Brain–Computer Interfaces....Pages 183-191 BCI and a User’s Judgment of Agency....Pages 193-202