沉思录大全集

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. A Fully Updated, In-Depth Guide to Water and Wastewater Engineering Thoroughly revised to reflect the latest advances, procedures, and regulations, this authoritative resource contains comprehensive coverage of the design and construction of municipal water and wastewater facilities. Written by an environmental engineering expert and seasoned academic, Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, Second Edition, offers detailed explanations, practical strategies, and design techniques as well as hands-on safety protocols and operation and maintenance procedures. You will get cutting-edge information on water quality standards, corrosion control, piping materials, energy efficiency, direct and indirect potable reuse, and more. Coverage includes: • The design and construction processes • General water supply design considerations • Intake structures and wells • Chemical handling and storage • Coagulation and flocculation • Lime-soda and ion exchange softening • Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration • Sedimentation • Granular and membrane filtration • Disinfection and fluoridation • Removal of specific constituents • Water plant residuals management, process selection, and integration • Storage and distribution systems • Wastewater collection and treatment design considerations • Sanitary sewer design • Headworks and preliminary treatment • Primary treatment • Wastewater microbiology • Secondary treatment by suspended growth biological processes • Secondary treatment by attached growth and hybrid biological processes • Tertiary treatment • Advanced oxidation processes • Direct and indirect potable reuse 5-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 218 5-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 219 5-2-2. Capacity......Page 220 5-3-2. Storage......Page 221 5-4-1. Dry Chemical Feed Systems......Page 226 5-4-2. Liquid Feed Systems......Page 228 5-4-3. Gas Feed System......Page 229 5-5. CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY......Page 231 5-6. MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY......Page 232 5-7. DESIGNING FOR SAFETY AND HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS......Page 237 5-8-1. Hints from the Field......Page 245 5-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 247 5-10. PROBLEMS......Page 248 5-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 250 5-12. REFERENCES......Page 251 6-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 252 6-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 253 6-2-1. Electrical Properties......Page 254 6-3-1. Coagulants......Page 258 6-3-2. Physics of Coagulation......Page 259 6-3-3. Chemistry of Coagulation......Page 261 6-3-4. pH and Dose......Page 267 6-4-2. Coagulant Selection......Page 274 6-4-4. Flocculant Aids......Page 275 6-5-4. Chemical Sequence......Page 276 6-6-1. Velocity Gradient......Page 277 6-6-3. Selection of G and Gt Values......Page 278 6-7-1. Flash Mixing Design Criteria......Page 280 6-7-2. Flocculation Mixing Design Criteria......Page 291 6-8-1. Hints from the Field......Page 304 6-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 305 6-10. PROBLEMS......Page 306 6-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 313 6-12. REFERENCES......Page 314 7-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 316 7-1. HARDNESS......Page 317 7-2-2. Lime-Soda Softening Chemistry......Page 323 7-3. SOFTENING PROCESSES......Page 330 7-3-6. Split Treatment......Page 331 7-3-7. Recarbonation......Page 332 7-4-1. Estimating CO2 Concentration......Page 334 7-4-2. Selective Calcium Removal......Page 336 7-4-3. Softening to Practical Limits......Page 339 7-4-4. Split Treatment......Page 341 7-4-6. Use of Caustic Soda......Page 345 7-5-2. Iron and Manganese......Page 346 7-5-5. Other Contaminants......Page 347 7-6-1. Conventional Softening Basins......Page 349 7-6-2. Upflow Solids Contact Basins......Page 350 7-7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 354 7-8-1. The Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)......Page 355 7-8-2. Stabilization Design for Lime-Soda Softened Water......Page 357 7-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 361 7-10. PROBLEMS......Page 362 7-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 370 7-12. REFERENCES......Page 371 8-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 372 8-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 373 8-2-1. Ion Exchange Resins and Reactions......Page 374 8-2-2. Ion Exchange Kinetics......Page 375 8-2-3. Properties of Ion Exchange Resins......Page 376 8-3-1. Cocurrent Operation......Page 383 8-3-3. Bypass......Page 384 8-3-4. Multiple Columns......Page 385 8-4. ION EXCHANGE PRACTICE......Page 386 8-4-1. Resin Selection......Page 387 8-4-2. Flow Rates......Page 388 8-4-4. Estimation of Resin Volume......Page 389 8-4-7. Cycle Time......Page 392 8-4-8. Vessel Design......Page 393 8-4-10. Brine Disposal......Page 397 8-5. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 398 8-6. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 399 8-7. PROBLEMS......Page 400 8-8. DISCUSSION QUESTION......Page 405 8-9. REFERENCES......Page 406 9-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 407 9-1-1. Delineation of Membrane Processes......Page 408 9-2-2. Osmotic Pressure......Page 410 9-2-3. Flux......Page 411 9-3-2. Membrane Configuration......Page 414 9-3-4. Service Life......Page 415 9-4-1. Process Description......Page 417 9-4-4. Concentrate Stream......Page 418 9-4-5. Process Design......Page 419 9-4-6. Operation and Maintenance......Page 425 9-5. ELECTRODIALYSIS......Page 426 9-6. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 427 9-7. PROBLEMS......Page 428 9-8. DISCUSSION QUESTION......Page 430 9-9. REFERENCES......Page 431 10-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 432 10-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 433 10-2-1. Type I Sedimentation......Page 434 10-2-2. Type II Sedimentation......Page 444 10-2-3. Type III and Type IV Sedimentation......Page 447 10-2-4. Non-Ideal Behavior of Settling Tanks......Page 451 10-3-1. Alternatives......Page 453 10-4-1. Rectangular Sedimentation Basins......Page 457 10-4-2. Horizontal-Flow Rectangular Sedimentation Basin Design Criteria......Page 460 10-4-3. Design Criteria for Small- to Medium-Sized Plants......Page 464 10-4-4. High-Rate Settler Modules......Page 466 10-4-5. High-Rate Settler Module Design Criteria......Page 467 10-5-1. Hints from the Field......Page 472 10-6. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 473 10-7. PROBLEMS......Page 474 10-8. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 478 10-9. REFERENCES......Page 479 11-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 480 11-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 481 11-2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE FILTRATION PROCESS......Page 482 11-2-1. Nomenclature......Page 483 11-3-1. Grain Size......Page 485 11-3-2. Physical Properties......Page 486 11-4-1. Mechanisms of Filtration......Page 490 11-5-1. Clean Filter Headloss......Page 494 11-5-2. Backwashing Hydraulics......Page 497 11-6-1. Filter Type......Page 503 11-6-3. Filtration Rate......Page 504 11-6-4. Media......Page 508 11-6-5. Filter Support and Underdrains......Page 509 11-6-6. Backwashing......Page 511 11-6-7. Wash Troughs......Page 512 11-6-8. Gullet......Page 515 11-6-9. Flow Apportionment and Rate Control......Page 517 11-6-10. Headloss Accommodation......Page 518 11-6-11. Some Important Appurtenances......Page 521 11-6-12. Design Criteria......Page 522 11-7-1. Hints from the Field......Page 530 11-8. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 532 11-9. PROBLEMS......Page 533 11-10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 542 11-11. REFERENCES......Page 543 12-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 545 12-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 546 12-2-2. Models of Membrane Filtration......Page 548 12-2-3. Theory of Membrane Filter Hydraulics......Page 549 12-3-2. Membrane Configuration......Page 554 12-3-3. Temperature and Pressure Effects......Page 556 12-3-4. Service Life......Page 558 12-4-1. Process Description......Page 559 12-4-4. Process Design......Page 560 12-4-5. Design Criteria......Page 563 12-4-6. Operation and Maintenance......Page 564 12-5. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 566 12-6. PROBLEMS......Page 567 12-7. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 569 12-8. REFERENCES......Page 570 13-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 571 13-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 572 13-2-1. Disinfection Chemistry......Page 573 13-2-2. Chemical Disinfectant Kinetics......Page 580 13-2-3. Chemical Oxidant Demand......Page 583 13-2-4. Mechanisms of Disinfection......Page 584 13-2-5. Disinfection Kinetics......Page 585 13-2-6. Disinfection Practice......Page 590 13-3-3. What Causes Corrosion?......Page 602 13-3-6. Corrosive Indices......Page 603 13-3-8. Shewhart Control Charts......Page 604 13-3-9. Providing Advice to Customers......Page 606 13-4. CONTACT FACILITIES......Page 607 13-4-1. Disinfection Design......Page 613 13-5. EMERGENCY DISINFECTION......Page 619 13-6-2. Fluoridation Chemistry......Page 620 13-6-3. Fluoridation Practice......Page 621 13-7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 625 13-8. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 626 13-9. PROBLEMS......Page 627 13-10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 635 13-11. REFERENCES......Page 636 14-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 640 14-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 641 14-2-1. Treatment Strategies......Page 642 14-3-1. Stripping......Page 650 14-4. FLUORIDE......Page 651 14-5-1. Treatment Strategies......Page 654 14-6. NITRATE......Page 658 14-7-1. Treatment Strategies......Page 659 14-8. PERCHLORATE......Page 661 14-9. PHARMACEUTICALS AND ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCs)......Page 663 14-10. RADIONUCLIDES......Page 664 14-11-1. Treatment Strategies......Page 665 14-12-1. Treatment Strategies......Page 679 14-13. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 682 14-14. PROBLEMS......Page 683 14-15. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 687 14-16. REFERENCES......Page 688 15-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 692 15-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 693 15-2-1. Volume-Mass Relationships......Page 696 15-2-2. Volume Reduction Relationships......Page 697 15-3-2. Coagulation Sedimentation Basin......Page 700 15-3-3. Softening Sedimentation Basin......Page 701 15-3-6. Membrane Process Residuals......Page 702 15-3-7. Ion Exchange Residuals......Page 703 15-3-8. Mass Balance Analysis......Page 704 15-4-3. Spent Backwash Water......Page 706 15-4-4. Recycling......Page 707 15-5-2. Iron Coagulant Recovery......Page 708 15-5-3. Lime and Magnesium Recovery......Page 709 15-6. RESIDUALS CONVEYANCE......Page 710 15-7. MANAGEMENT OF SLUDGES......Page 711 15-7-1. Thickening......Page 712 15-7-2. Dewatering......Page 719 15-7-3. Nonmechanical Dewatering......Page 720 15-7-4. Mechanical Dewatering......Page 732 15-8. MANAGEMENT OF LIQUID RESIDUALS......Page 741 15-9-1. Arsenic Residuals......Page 743 15-9-4. Nitrate Residuals......Page 744 15-9-6. Radioactive Residuals......Page 745 15-9-7. Synthetic Organic Chemical (SOC) Residuals......Page 746 15-10-4. Landfilling......Page 747 15-11. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 749 15-12. PROBLEMS......Page 750 15-13. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 757 15-14. REFERENCES......Page 758 16-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 760 16-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 761 16-2-2. Evaluation of Process Options......Page 762 16-2-4. Case Study 16-1......Page 771 16-2-5. Case Study 16-2......Page 773 16-2-6. Case Study 16-3......Page 775 16-3-1. Plant Layout......Page 778 16-3-2. Plant Hydraulics......Page 780 16-3-3. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)......Page 785 16-4-3. Vulnerability Assessment......Page 792 16-4-4. Layered Security......Page 793 16-5. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 796 16-6. PROBLEMS......Page 797 16-7. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 806 16-8. REFERENCES......Page 807 17-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 809 17-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 810 17-2-1. Fire Flow Requirements......Page 811 17-2-3. Maximum Day......Page 817 17-2-4. Determining the Design Flow......Page 818 17-3-2. Hints from the Field......Page 819 17-4-1. Pipe Material Selection......Page 820 17-4-2. Economic Considerations......Page 821 17-4-4. Design Equations......Page 822 17-4-5. Simple Network Evaluation......Page 824 17-4-6. Valve Selection......Page 826 17-4-8. Minor Losses......Page 829 17-5-1. Tank Terminology......Page 832 17-5-2. Location......Page 833 17-5-4. Volume......Page 834 17-5-5. Appurtenances......Page 837 17-5-6. Water Quality......Page 838 17-5-7. Hints from the Field......Page 840 17-6-1. Type of Pump......Page 842 17-6-2. Parallel and Series Operation......Page 844 17-6-4. Typical Operating Procedure......Page 845 17-6-5. Economic and Energy Considerations......Page 846 17-7-2. Skeletonization......Page 849 17-8-2. Sanitary Protection of Water Mains......Page 851 17-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 853 17-10. PROBLEMS......Page 854 17-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 862 17-12. REFERENCES......Page 863 18-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 865 18-1-3. Domestic Wastewater Flows......Page 866 18-1-5. Infiltration and Inflow......Page 867 18-1-8. Variation of Domestic Wastewater Flows......Page 868 18-1-10. Variation of Infiltration Flows......Page 869 18-1-11. Energy and Economic Considerations......Page 870 18-2-1. Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater......Page 872 18-2-2. Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater......Page 875 18-3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT STANDARDS......Page 878 18-3-1. Total Maximum Daily Load......Page 879 18-3-2. Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes......Page 880 18-4. SLUDGE DISPOSAL REGULATIONS......Page 882 18-4-2. Pathogen Reduction Alternatives......Page 884 18-4-3. Vector Attraction Reduction......Page 888 18-5-3. Plant Layout......Page 890 18-6. PLANT LOCATION......Page 891 18-7. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 892 18-8. PROBLEMS......Page 893 18-9. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 898 18-10. REFERENCES......Page 899 19-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 900 19-1-1. Nomenclature......Page 901 19-1-2. Appurtenances......Page 903 19-2-2. Surveying and Mapping......Page 908 19-3-2. Pipe Material Selection......Page 909 19-3-3. Design Criteria......Page 911 19-3-4. Design Equations......Page 915 19-3-6. Design of a Main......Page 920 19-3-7. Final Drawings......Page 927 19-4-1. System Descriptions......Page 928 19-4-2. General Design Considerations......Page 929 19-5-1. Force Main Design......Page 931 19-5-2. Pump Selection......Page 932 19-5-3. Conventional Pump Station Design......Page 933 19-5-4. Factory-Assembled Pump Stations......Page 937 19-6-1. Hints from the Field......Page 940 19-7. ECONOMIC AND ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 942 19-8. SEWER SAFETY......Page 944 19-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 947 19-10. PROBLEMS......Page 948 19-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 953 19-12. REFERENCES......Page 954 20-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 956 20-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 957 20-2-1. Design Considerations......Page 958 20-2-2. Economic and Energy Considerations: Process Pumping......Page 961 20-3-1. Parshall Flume......Page 962 20-3-2. Magnetic Flow Meter......Page 965 20-3-3. Location......Page 966 20-4-1. Bar Rack Cleaning Mechanisms......Page 967 20-4-2. Bar Rack Design Practice......Page 969 20-4-3. Fine Screen Options......Page 977 20-4-4. Fine Screen Design Practice......Page 979 20-5-2. Macerators......Page 981 20-5-4. Design Considerations......Page 982 20-6-1. Theory......Page 983 20-6-2. Grit Removal Alternatives......Page 985 20-6-3. Aerated Grit Chamber Design Practice......Page 987 20-6-4. Vortex Grit Chamber Design Practice......Page 995 20-7-2. Theory......Page 996 20-7-3. Equalization Design Practice......Page 997 20-8. ALTERNATIVE PRELIMINARY PROCESS ARRANGEMENTS......Page 1006 20-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1007 20-10. PROBLEMS......Page 1008 20-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1012 20-12. REFERENCES......Page 1013 21-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1015 21-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1016 21-2-1. Nonideal Behavior......Page 1017 21-3-3. Circular Tanks......Page 1019 21-3-4. Rectangular Tanks......Page 1020 21-4-1. General......Page 1022 21-4-2. Circular Sedimentation Basin Design......Page 1026 21-4-3. Rectangular Tanks......Page 1035 21-4-4. Primary Sedimentation Tank Design Criteria......Page 1038 21-4-5. Operation and Maintenance......Page 1039 21-5-1. Enhanced Sedimentation......Page 1041 21-5-3. Fine Screens......Page 1042 21-6. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1043 21-7. PROBLEMS......Page 1044 21-8. REFERENCES......Page 1047 22-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1049 22-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1050 22-2. ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS......Page 1051 22-3-4. Some Microbes of Interest in Wastewater Treatment......Page 1052 22-4-1. Energy Capture......Page 1054 22-4-2. Metabolism......Page 1056 22-4-3. End Products......Page 1059 22-4-4. Requirements for Microbial Growth......Page 1060 22-5-1. Pure Culture Growth Characteristics......Page 1062 22-5-2. Mixed Culture Growth Characteristics......Page 1063 22-5-3. The Monod Equation......Page 1064 22-6-2. Anoxic Decomposition......Page 1067 22-6-3. Anaerobic Decomposition......Page 1068 22-7-1. Aerobic Oxidation......Page 1069 22-7-2. Nitrification......Page 1070 22-7-3. Denitrification......Page 1072 22-7-4. Phosphorus Removal......Page 1074 22-7-5. Selector......Page 1076 22-8-3. Foaming......Page 1077 22-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1079 22-10. PROBLEMS......Page 1080 22-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1082 22-12. REFERENCES......Page 1083 23-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1085 23-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1086 23-2-1. Oxidation Ponds......Page 1087 23-2-2. Activated Sludge......Page 1088 23-3. PROCESSES FOR DENITRIFICATION......Page 1093 23-4. PROCESSES FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL......Page 1095 23-5-1. Process Description......Page 1097 23-6-2. Oxidation Ponds......Page 1099 23-6-3. Completely Mixed Reactor Model......Page 1100 23-6-4. Batch Reactor......Page 1105 23-6-5. Plug Flow with Recycle Model......Page 1106 23-6-6. Safety Factor......Page 1107 23-6-7. Evaluation of Assumptions......Page 1108 23-6-8. Sludge Return......Page 1110 23-6-9. Sludge Production......Page 1113 23-6-10. Oxygen Demand......Page 1115 23-6-11. Oxygen Transfer......Page 1118 23-6-12. Economic and Energy Considerations in Aeration System Design......Page 1122 23-6-13. Food-to-Microorganism Ratio (F/M)......Page 1124 23-6-14. Specific Denitrification Rate......Page 1125 23-6-15. Sludge Volume Index......Page 1127 23-6-16. Volumetric Loading......Page 1128 23-7. SUSPENDED GROWTH DESIGN PRACTICE......Page 1129 23-7-1. Facultative Oxidation Ponds......Page 1131 23-7-2. Oxidation Ditch......Page 1138 23-7-3. Sequencing Batch Reactor......Page 1152 23-7-4. A2/OTM......Page 1164 23-7-5. Energy and Economic Considerations......Page 1174 23-8-3. Equalization......Page 1185 23-8-6. Solids Retention Time (SRT)......Page 1186 23-8-12. Design Criteria......Page 1187 23-8-13. Fouling......Page 1188 23-9. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1190 23-10. PROBLEMS......Page 1191 23-11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1202 23-12. REFERENCES......Page 1205 24-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1209 24-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1210 24-2-1. Trickling Filters......Page 1211 24-2-2. Biofilters......Page 1213 24-3. ATTACHED GROWTH DESIGN PRINCIPLES......Page 1214 24-4. ATTACHED GROWTH DESIGN PRACTICE......Page 1216 24-5-1. Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)......Page 1223 24-5-3. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)......Page 1224 24-6. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1226 24-7. PROBLEMS......Page 1227 24-8. REFERENCES......Page 1229 25-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1230 25-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1231 25-2-1. Design Principles......Page 1232 25-2-2. Secondary Settling Design Practice......Page 1240 25-3-2. Dechlorination......Page 1246 25-3-4. Chlorination and Dechlorination Design......Page 1248 25-3-5. Ultraviolet Disinfection......Page 1249 25-4. POSTAERATION......Page 1252 25-5. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1254 25-6. PROBLEMS......Page 1255 25-7. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1257 25-8. REFERENCES......Page 1258 26-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1260 26-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1261 26-2-1. Theory......Page 1262 26-2-2. Design Strategies......Page 1263 26-3-3. Design Practice......Page 1265 26-4-3. Pretreatment......Page 1272 26-4-5. Fouling and Cleaning......Page 1273 26-5-4. Carbon Selection......Page 1274 26-5-6. Carbon Regeneration......Page 1275 26-5-7. Design Criteria......Page 1276 26-6-1. Processes for Advanced Oxidation......Page 1277 26-6-3. Overcoming Process Limitations......Page 1278 26-7. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1279 26-8. PROBLEMS......Page 1281 26-9. REFERENCES......Page 1282 27-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1283 27-1. SLUDGE HANDLING ALTERNATIVES......Page 1284 27-2-1. Screenings......Page 1286 27-2-4. Secondary Sludge......Page 1287 27-2-6. Liquid Residuals......Page 1288 27-3-2. Mass Balance......Page 1289 27-4-1. Pump Selection......Page 1297 27-4-2. Headloss Determination......Page 1299 27-4-3. Sludge Piping......Page 1301 27-4-4. Hints from the Field......Page 1302 27-5-2. Management of Grit......Page 1304 27-6-2. Thickening......Page 1305 27-7-1. Theory......Page 1310 27-7-4. Alkaline Stabilization Design Practice......Page 1311 27-8-2. Theory......Page 1315 27-8-3. Aerobic Digestion Design Practice......Page 1316 27-9-1. Process Description......Page 1322 27-9-3. Stoichiometry......Page 1323 27-9-4. Growth Kinetics......Page 1326 27-9-6. Anaerobic Digester Design Principles......Page 1327 27-9-7. Anaerobic Digester Design Practice......Page 1331 27-9-8. Operational Considerations......Page 1340 27-10-2. Heat Treatment......Page 1343 27-11-2. Centrifugation......Page 1344 27-11-3. Continuous Belt-Filter Presses......Page 1345 27-11-6. Comparison of Mechanical Dewatering......Page 1348 27-11-8. Liquid Streams......Page 1349 27-12-3. Utilization......Page 1350 27-13-3. Application Methods......Page 1351 27-14. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1353 27-15. PROBLEMS......Page 1354 27-16. REFERENCES......Page 1360 28-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1362 28-1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1363 28-2-1. Evaluation of Process Options......Page 1364 28-2-2. Initial Screening......Page 1368 28-2-4. Process Selection Examples......Page 1383 Case Study 28-1......Page 1384 Case Study 28-2......Page 1385 Case Study 28-3......Page 1387 28-3. SIMULATION MODELING......Page 1390 28-4-2. Plant Hydraulics......Page 1391 28-4-3. Mass Balances......Page 1395 28-4-4. Special Considerations for MBR Plants......Page 1397 28-4-6. Security......Page 1398 28-5. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1399 28-6. PROBLEMS......Page 1400 28-7. REFERENCES......Page 1402 29-0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1403 29-1-1. Examples of Indirect Potable Reuse......Page 1404 29-1-2. Examples of Direct Potable Reuse......Page 1405 29-2. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS......Page 1407 29-3-2. Redundancy......Page 1409 29-3-4. Resilience......Page 1410 29-4-3. Lessons Learned......Page 1411 29-5-1. Case Study: Surface Water Augmentation......Page 1415 29-5-2. Case Study: Groundwater Augmentation......Page 1416 29-6-1. Case Study: Coping with Seasonal Demand and Droughts......Page 1419 29-6-2. Case Study: Moving from IPR to DPR to Cope with Long-Term Drought......Page 1420 29-6-3. Case Study: DPR from Reservoirs......Page 1422 29-7. CHAPTER REVIEW......Page 1423 29-8. REFERENCES......Page 1424 A.0. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES......Page 1426 A-1. SOURCES......Page 1439 B. APPENDIX B: U.S. STANDARD SIEVE SIZES......Page 1441 C. APPENDIX C: PIPE, FITTING, AND VALVE DATA......Page 1442 D. APPENDIX D: .US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Ct VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS......Page 1454 "This fully updated guide integrates water theory with practical strategies, design techniques, and real-world applications. Designed for both students and professionals, the book covers all aspects of water and wastewater engineering as well as water treatment and facility design. You will get new information on water quality standards, corrosion control, piping materials, and energy efficiency. Water and Wastewater Engineering, second edition opens with a review of environmental engineering fundamentals before moving on to cover advanced water treatment processes, including reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, UV disinfection, and biological nutrient removal. A new case study analyzing the water contamination in Flint, MI helps to demonstrate the concepts covered."--Provided by publisher