Bone-Bio Material Interface

Each year more than 500,000 arthritic or injured hips are replaced by orthopaedic surgeons around the world. A critical element in the longevity of each replacement is the successful interaction of bone tissue with biomaterial. The same critical element epplies in other joint replacements, in the hundreds of thousands of dental implants performed each year, and in a widening range of veterinary applications. To address the diverse interests and areas of expertise related to the subject of bone-biomaterial interaction, a conference in Toronto at the end of 1990 brought together forty scientists from research teams in Canada, Europe, Japan, and the USA, as well as representatives of 23 of the world's major health-care companies. They came together to exchange information and informed opinion on developments which affect the design, manufacture, and use of bone implants. This volume includes not only the papers presented at the conference by also the debate and discussion which followed each one, as recorded by video cameras and a team of court stenographers. Thus the reader has a unique opportunity to experience the full range of current research and opinion, in all its diversity, as it was explored at the conference. Topics of the papers include current understanding of the influence of materials surfaces on bone generation; bone cell response to materials; molecular biological probes to study the interface; mechanical influence on interfacial biology; and retrieval analysis for interpreting interfacial phenomena. Debate following the papers focused on such issues as the relative importance of mechanical stress and the issue of weight-bearing in the choice of biomaterial; the effect of cleaning and sterilization methods on tissue response in the bony implantation bed; the existence of evidence that metal alloys, implanted in bone, adversely affect biological tissue. Both the texts of papers and the transcripts of discussions have been annotated extensively by J.E. Davies, the workshop's co-ordinator. His work adds an additional dimension to the research presented here and provides invaluable cohension to this innovative volume. Contents 5 Foreword 9 Preface 11 Acknowledgments 13 Part 1: The Material Surface 17 1. Surface Characterization of Implant Materials: Biological Implications 17 2. The Biomaterial-Tissue Interface and Its Analogues in Surface Science and Technology 33 3. Surface Reaction Kinetics and Adsorption of Biological Moieties: A Mechanistic Approach to Tissue Attachment 47 4. Titanium and Its Oxide Film: A Substrate for Formation of Apatite 63 5. Titanium: Immersion-Induced Surface Chemistry Changes and the Relationship to Passive Dissolution and Bioactivity 76 6. Kinetics of Mineralization, Demineralization, and Transformation of Calcium Phosphates at Mineral and Protein Surfaces 82 7. Substrate Surface Dissolution and Interfacial Biological Mineralization 90 8. High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of a Bone Implant Interface 103 Part 2: Bone Proteins and Other Macromolecules 111 9. Non-Collagenous Bone Proteins and Their Role in Substrate-Induced Bioactivity 111 10. Role of Adhesive Proteins and Integrins in Bone and Ligament Cell Behavior at the Material Surface 125 11. Non-Endocrine Regulation of Bone Cell Activity 134 12. Osteogenesis Induced by BMP-Coated Biomaterials: Biochemical Principles of Bone Reconstruction in Dentistry 141 13. Ceramic Synthesis using Biological Processes 153 Parts 1 and 2 - General Discussion 161 Part 3: Cellular Activity at the Interface 167 14. Inflammatory Cell Response to Bone Implant Surfaces 167 15. Modulation of Cell Activity by Titanium Peroxy Compounds 179 16. Behaviour of Osteoblasts on Micromachined Surfaces 184 17. Osteoblast Reactions to Charged Polymers 195 18. Cell-Mediated Bone Regeneration 213 19. The Influence of Sputtered Bone Substitutes on Cell Growth and Phenotypic Expression 219 20. Early Extracellular Matrix Synthesis by Bone Cells 228 21. Transmission Electron Microscopical Identification of Extracellular Matrix Components using Immunocytochemistry 243 22. Molecular Biological Approaches to Investigate Cell/Biomaterial Interactions 255 23. Biological Cascades of Fracture Healing as Models for Bone-Biomaterial Interfacial Reactions 264 24. Tissue Responses to Bone-Derived and Synthetic Materials 279 25. Hard and Soft Connective Tissue Growth and Repair in Response to Charged Surfaces 289 26. Deposition of Cement-like Matrix on Implant Materials 299 27. Polymer Reactions Resulting in Bone Bonding: A Review of the Biocompatibility of Polyactive 309 28. Comparative Morphology of the Bone Interface with Glass Ceramics, Hydroxyapatite, and Natural Coral 322 29. Interfacial Reactions to Bioactive and Non-bioactive Bone Cements 335 30. Modulation of Bone Ingrowth by Surface Chemistry and Roughness 348 31. Comparative Push-out Data of Bioactive and Non-bioactive Materials of Similar Rugosity 364 32. Quantified Bone Tissue Reactions to Various Metallic Materials with Reference to the So-called Osseointegration Concept 371 Part 5: Mechanical Effects on Interfacial Biology 381 33. Effect of Mechanical Stress on Tissue Differentiation in the Bony Implant Bed 381 34. Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of Movement at a Porous Coated Implant-Bone Interface 394 35. Bone Ingrowth into Porous Coatings Attached to Prostheses of Differing Stiffness 402 36. Influence of Biomechanical Factors at the Bone-Biomaterial Interface 405 37. Bone Bonding Behavior of Biomaterials with Different Surface Characteristics under Load-Bearing Conditions 420 Part 5 - General Discussion: The Effect of Micromotion on Bone Healing 429 Part 6: Retrieval Analysis for Interpreting Interfacial Phenomena 433 38. Bone-Biomaterial Interfaces of Retrieved Implants 433 39. Ultrastructural Investigation and Analysis of the Interface of Retrieved Metal Implants 439 40. Synovial Cells at the Interface with Retrieved Implants 452 41. Phenotypic Characteristics of Inflammatory Cells Derived from Hip Revision Capsules 458 42. Bone Bonding to Retrieved Hydroxyapatite- Coated Human Hip Prostheses 464 Part 6 - General Discussion 471 Part 7: The Industrial Perception 475 Biographical Sketches of Invited Attendees at the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Workshop, Toronto, December 3 and 4, 1990 485 Affiliations of Contributing Authors 495 Index 501 Each year more than 500,000 arthritic or injured hips are replaced by orthopaedic surgeons around the world. A critical element in the longevity of each replacement is the successful interaction of bone tissue with biomaterial. The same critical element epplies in other joint replacements, in the hundreds of thousands of dental implants performed each year, and in a widening range of veterinary applications. To address the diverse interests and areas of expertise related to the subject of bone-biomaterial interaction, a conference in Toronto at the end of 1990 brought together forty scientists from research teams in Canada, Europe, Japan, and the USA, as well as representatives of 23 of the world's major health-care companies. They came together to exchange information and informed opinion on developments which affect the design, manufacture, and use of bone implants. This volume includes not only the papers presented at the conference by also the debate and discussion which followed each one, as recorded by video cameras and a team of court stenographers. Thus the reader has a unique opportunity to experience the full range of current research and opinion, in all its diversity, as it was explored at the conference. Topics of the papers include current understanding of the influence of materials surfaces on bone generation; bone cell response to materials; molecular biological probes to study the interface; mechanical influence on interfacial biology; and retrieval analysis for interpreting interfacial phenomena. Debate following the papers focused on such issues as the relative importance of mechanical stress and the issue of weight-bearing in the choice of biomaterial; the effect of cleaning and sterilization methods on tissue response in the bony implantation bed; the existence of evidence that metal alloys, implanted in bone, adversely affect biological tissue. Both the texts of papers and the transcripts of discussions have been