Blood Cells In Nuclear Medicine, Part I: Cell Kinetics And Bio-distribution (developments In Nuclear Medicine) (pt. 1)

Blood cells in nuclear medicine, Part I, Cell kinetics and bio-distribution. (Developments in nuclear medicine) Based on two meetings held in 1982 in Amsterdam and Paris. Front Matter....Pages i-xv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Approaches to Radiolabelling Blood-Cells: Past, Present and Future....Pages 3-13 Front Matter....Pages 15-15 Labelling Techniques of Granulocytes Platelets with 111 In-Oxinate....Pages 17-28 111 Indium Labelling of Human Washed Platelets; Kinetics and in Vivo Sequestration Sites....Pages 29-43 111 Indium Loss from Platelets by in Vitro and Ex Vivo Manipulation....Pages 44-61 Front Matter....Pages 63-63 The Maturation of Megakaryocytes and their Precursors....Pages 65-73 Megakaryocytic Precursors....Pages 74-85 Methods of Quantification of Platelet Production in Man. A Critical Analysis....Pages 86-95 Platelet Production Rate Determination with ( 75 Se)-Seleno-Methionine....Pages 96-109 Platelet Kinetics: The State of the Art....Pages 110-129 Platelet Kinetics....Pages 130-138 Evaluation of Models to Determine Platelet Life Span and Survival Curve Shape....Pages 139-152 Comparison of Three Methods Evaluating Platelet Survival Time in Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valve....Pages 153-160 In Vivo Kinetics of Simultaneously Injected 111 In- and 51 Cr-Labelled Human Platelets: On the Significance of the Platelet Isolation Yield from Blood Prior to Labelling....Pages 161-183 Simultaneous Kinetics and External Countings of Autologous 111 In-oxine Labelled Platelets and Homologous 51 Cr Labelled Platelets....Pages 184-190 Platelet Survival Time ( 51 CR) and Platelet Production Time (Aspirin-Mda Method): A Simultaneous Evaluation in Patients Affected with Cancers....Pages 191-198 Front Matter....Pages 199-199 Survival Time and Organ Distribution of 111 In-Oxine-Labelled Human Platelets in Normal Subjects....Pages 201-206 111 In-Labelled Platelets in the Diagnosis of Kidney Transplant Rejection....Pages 207-224 Continuous Monitoring of Human Kidney Transplants by Autologous Labelled Platelets....Pages 225-233 Use of 111 In-Labelled Platelets in Cardiovascular Disease....Pages 234-241 Homocystinuria: Kinetics and Distribution of 111 In-Labelled Platelets....Pages 242-261 Front Matter....Pages 199-199 Noninvasive Radioisotopic Techniques for Detection of Platelet Deposition in Mechanical and Bovine Pericardial Mitral Valve Prostheses and in Vitro Quantitation of Visceral Microembolism....Pages 262-288 Front Matter....Pages 289-289 Beta-Thromboglobulin, Present State of the Art....Pages 291-299 Beta-Thromboglobulin and Platelet Factor 4 in Polycythemia and Thrombocythemia....Pages 300-309 Beta-Thromboglobulin, Platelet Factor 4 and Coronary Heart Disease....Pages 310-317 Beta-Thromboglobulin Release and Thromboxane Synthesis in Diabetic Platelets: Effect of Glycemic Control and Retinopathy....Pages 318-328 Hemorheology and Platelet Activation: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects....Pages 329-338 Front Matter....Pages 339-339 111 In-Leukocyte Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Vascular Graft Infection....Pages 341-347 Diagnosis of Intra Abdominal Inflammatory Processes with 111 In-Labelled Leucocytes....Pages 348-355 111 In-Autologous Leucocytes in the Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease....Pages 356-362 Diagnosis of Orthopedic Prostheses Infection with 111 In- Labelled Leucocytes....Pages 363-371 Radiation Dosimetry of 111 In-Oxinate Labelled Leucocytes....Pages 372-380 Front Matter....Pages 381-381 The Lymphocyte in Hodgkin’s Disease: Has it Lost Its Way?....Pages 383-388 Labelling of Human Lymphocytes with 111 In-Oxinate....Pages 389-395 Front Matter....Pages 397-397 Tc 99m Labelling of Red Blood-Cells and their Clinical Application....Pages 399-411 Back Matter....Pages 413-416 This book is timely and fills a void in the area of cholescintigraphy in Nuclear Medicine. It is true that many articles and papers from symposia on this subject are available but they are all scattered through a volumnous literature. Dr Cox and his colleagues have brought together in an orderly fashion the current available material on hepatobiliary scintigraphy in an excellent volume suitable for both the clinician as well as the clinical scientist. This volume begins with a detailed discussion of anatomy and physiological functions of the liver and bi liary tract followed by a section on scintigraphic functional imaging of the liver. A description of the chemistry and pharma­ 99m ceutical considerations of Tc labeled hepatobiliary agents, especially those of Ida-derivatives is included. Next the text follows the usual pattern of discussion on the pharmacodynamics of radiopharmaceuticals, followed by a description of various clinical disease patterns of the liver and the use of cholescintigraphy in evaluating these diseases. The last sections deal with computer applications in quantitation of liver function followed by a discussion 99m of the clinical role for Tc labeled hepatobiliary agents in comparison to ultrasonography, CT, radiography and in vitro laboratory tests. One notable feature of this book is its discussion on the evaluation of new agents in normal experimental animals and in animals with induced liver disease, correlating this data to define the best radiopharmaceutical and then evaluating the same in patients. This type of methodological treatment of the subject matter is commendable. The publication of this volume, which is based upon presentations made to the Third European Symposium on Radiopharmacology at Noordwijkerhout, April 22 - 24, 1982, is indicative of the continued interest in this sub-branch of Nuclear Medicine. The transactions of the first two meetings were published as Progress in Radiopharmacology, Volumes 1 and 2 by Elsevier/North-Holland Bio­ medical Press. We are particularly pleased to have reached an agreement with Martinus Nijhoff Publishers to include Progress in Radiopharmacology 3 in the series Developments in Nuclear Medicine. This not only ensures the continuity of the series but by including it in a series of Nuclear Medical Monographs the availability of the text to more general readers, for background information, is greatly enhanced. As with the previous two volumes each of the three topics has been so treated as to relate the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceuticals to normal and pathophysiological conditions to provide background information for the practising nuclear medical specialist. Special attention has been given to European activities but these have been clearly placed in context in relation to developments from outside Europe. The Third European Symposium on Radiopharmacology was held under the auspices of the European Joint Commitee on Radiopharmaceuticals of the European Nuclear Medicine Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine Europe. Solco Nuclear, Basle, provided both financial and material support and I would like to thank Dr M. de Schrijver, Mr. I. Waser and Mrs. E. Rufenacht for their continued help and encouragement. G. F. FUEGER Among the many processes in Physiology few appear mo~e inviting to be studied by tracers and external imaging than the variety of the routes of migratory (blood) cells in health and disease. Much emphasis has been placed lately on the methods of labelling of the white blood cells. It is obviously quite important and necessary to refine the methods of leucocytic labelling, particularly to search for ways to label selectively a specific group of white blood cells, but there is also the need to review and keep abreast with the developing knowledge of the white blood cells themselves, especially their behaviour under pathological conditions, as seen by histology and scintigraphy, their biological properties, their immunological characteristics and the mechanisms of the control of leucocytic functions. Similarly, it appears desirable to analyze animal models of inflammation as well as to review the dosimetry and the biodistribution of labelled white blood cells in humans. This book is the result of a cooperative effort to review certain highlights of the physiology of leucocytes, labelled and unlabelled, as a corollary to the effort concerning the labelling of white blood cells. In preparing this book we aim for a better understanding and definition of the goals to be achieved by the successful labelling of the migratory cells of the body. XI CONTRIBUTORS Becker, H. Medizinische Universitaetsklinik der Uni­ versitaet Graz, Graz, Landeskrankenhaus, haus, Austria Bjurman, B. Department of Radiation Physics, General Hospital, Malmoe, Sweden Chiles, C. Safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals are elements of great importance in nuclear medicine. Since the first meeting in 1965 in Oak Ridge with the title Radiopharmaceuticals tremendous developments have taken place. In 1965 the whole technetium-99m area was just in its very beginning. Safety and efficacy of the non-radioactive pharmaceuticals have attracted great attention during the last 10 years and so have similar aspects of radiopharmaceuticals during the later years. Regulatory agencies are extending their work also to the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals at hospitals and to requirements for registration of radiopharmaceuticals. In a fast developing field there might be tendencies to confrontation between interests and there have certainly been some tendencies to put undue restrictions on the use of radio­ pharmaceuticals due to the lack of understanding between the industry and the regulatory authorities and between regulatory authorities and hospitals. Much of this may have been due to lack of information and certainly is due to the lack of fundamental scientific knowledge in many radiopharmaceutical aspects. A fast and safe introduction of new radio­ pharmaceuticals and the proper handling of these requires a lot of development work, but also an understanding of how general principles from the non-radioactive drug field may be sensibly transformed into the radiopharmaceutical area. It may even require compromises between requirements for safety in different areas such as radiation protection and pharmaceutical aspects. Just prior to the 1982 Annual Meeting of the European Thyroid Association in Brussels, a number of outstanding experts in the field of X-ray fluorescence gathered at the Academisch Ziekenhuis of the Free University of Brussels in a joint effort to more clearly define the actual place and value of the latest newcomer among the techniques available for the in vivo assessment of thyroid function. It is the merit of Prof. M. Jonckheer to have organised this meeting and to have made available the work presented there to a larger public in the form of this monograph. Both, the meeting and the written accounts thereof are greatly appreciated by all thyroidologists who care for properly defining the genuine value of X-Ray fluorescence in scientific research and in clinical management of thyroid disorder. Three main conclusions can be drawn from the work presented 1. X-ray fluorescence has become a safe, convenient and reliable tool for measuring intrathyroidal iodine stores in vivo with an inter-assay reproducibility estimated at roughly 10% 2. X-ray fluorescence, used by expert hands, is a highly interesting tool to follow changes of intra thyroidal iodine stores in time, subsequent e. g. to the exposure of the thyroid gland to excess iodine 3. In contrast, no definite place of X-ray fluorescence as a technique in routine assessment of thyroid disease is yet at the horizon This latter conclusion may appear somewhat disappointing. Xi List of first authors xiii Acknowledgements xv INTRODUCTICN Approaches to radiolabelling blood d-c cells: past, present and future M.L. Thakur 3 CELL LABELLllJG TEDlNIQUES 2 Labelling techniques of granulocytes and platelets 17 with 111 In-oxinate M.R. Hardeman, E.G.J. Eitjes-van Overbeek, A.J.M. van Velzen, M.H. Rovekarnp 111rndium-labelling of human washed platelets; kinetics 3 29 and in vivo sequestration sites M. Eber, J.P. Cazenave, J.C. Grob, J. Abecassis, G.!o1ethlin 111Indium loss from platelets by in vitro and ex 4 44 vivo manipulation R.J. Hawker, C.E. Hall, H. C-oldman, C.N. McCollum PIATELEl'S: KrnETIC STUDIES 5 The maturation of megakaryocytes and their precursors 65 J.H. Paulus 6!o1egakaryocytic precursors 74 J. Breton-Gorius, W. Vainchenker 7!-1ethods of quantification of platelet production 86 in man. A critical analysis Y. Najean vi 8 Platelet production rate deteDmination with (75se)_ seleno-m:thionine R. Cardinaud, E. Dassin 96 9 Platelet kinetics: the state of the art A. duP Heyns 110 10 Platelet kinetics A.M. Peters 130 Evaluation of models to deteDmine platelet life 11 span and survival curve shape M.G. LOtter, C.P. Herbst, P.N. Badenhorst, A. duP Heyns, P. Wessels, P.C. Minnaar 139 12 Canparison of three m:thods evaluating platelet survival tim: in patients with prosthetic heart valve J. Schbath, D. Ville, B. Hathy, B. Sanchini, E. Benveniste, J. Belleville, M. Dechavanne, J.P. Boissel, J Edited By Knud Kristensen, Elisabeth Nørbygaard. Papers Presented At The First European Symposium On Radiopharmacy And Radiopharmaceuticals Held In Elsinore, Denmark, Mar. 27-30, 1983 And Organized By The Danish Society Of Clinical Physiology And Nuclear Medicine. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Edited By Gerhard F. Fueger. Based On A Satellite Symposium Of The Third Congress Of The World Federation Of Nuclear Medicine And Biology, Held By The Austrian Society Of Nuclear Medicine In Graz, Sept. 4, 1982. Includes Bibliographies And Index.