Black holes : proceedings of the Space Telescope Science Institute Symposium, held in Baltimore, Maryland, April 23-26, 2007

Black holes, once considered to be of purely theoretical interest, play an important role in observational astronomy and a range of astrophysical phenomena. This volume is based on a meeting held at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which explored the many aspects of black hole astrophysics. Written by world experts in areas of stellar-mass, intermediate-mass and supermassive black holes, these review papers provide an up-to-date overview of developments in this field. Topics discussed range from black hole entropy and the fate of information to supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, and from the possibility of producing black holes in collider experiments to the measurements of black hole spins. This is an invaluable resource for researchers currently working in the field, and for graduate students interested in this active and growing area of research. Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Participants......Page 9 Preface......Page 11 1. Introduction......Page 13 2. String theory......Page 14 3. Application to black holes......Page 16 REFERENCES......Page 19 1. Introduction......Page 20 2. Calculating black-hole binary coalescence......Page 21 3. Observing black-hole binary mergers......Page 24 4. Kicks from black-hole binary mergers......Page 27 REFERENCES......Page 30 1. Introduction......Page 33 2. The hierarchy problem......Page 34 4. Large extra-spatial dimensions......Page 36 5. The Randall-Sundrum model......Page 38 6. Mini black holes in large extra dimensions......Page 40 6.1. Black-hole production in particle collisions......Page 41 6.2. Black-hole evaporation......Page 43 6.3. Testing Hawking radiation in decays of black holes......Page 46 6.4. Simulation of black-hole production and decay......Page 47 6.5. Discovering new particles in black-hole decays......Page 48 7. Randall-Sundrum black holes......Page 50 REFERENCES......Page 54 2. Observations of stellar-mass black holes in star clusters......Page 58 3.2. Dynamical modeling of cluster velocity structure......Page 59 3.2.2. Globular clusters G1 (M31) and ω Centauri (Milky Way)......Page 60 3.3.1. Weak cusps......Page 61 4. Formation of intermediate-mass black holes......Page 62 4.1. Mass segregation and runaway mergers......Page 63 4.2. Evolution of the merger product......Page 64 4.4. Systems of black holes......Page 65 5.1. The state of the art......Page 66 5.2. Shortcomings of current models......Page 67 5.3. The MUSE Project......Page 68 REFERENCES......Page 71 2. Massive black holes in a hierarchical universe......Page 74 3. Scenarios for massive black-hole formation......Page 78 3.1. Observational tests of MBH-formation scenarios......Page 79 4. Accretion: mass growth and quasar activity......Page 82 5. Probing the other hair of astrophysical black holes......Page 83 5.1. MBH spins and galaxy morphology......Page 86 REFERENCES......Page 89 1. Cosmic growth of black holes and galaxies......Page 92 2. Deep multiwavelength surveys......Page 93 3. Finding obscured AGN......Page 94 3.1. Connecting x-ray, optical, and infrared surveys......Page 95 3.2. Quantitative results from the Population Synthesis Model: Number counts, redshift distributions, and the x-ray background......Page 97 3.3. INTEGRAL and Swift hard x-ray surveys......Page 101 4. Evolution of the obscured fraction of AGN......Page 103 5. Summary......Page 107 REFERENCES......Page 108 1. Introduction......Page 112 2. The virial relationship......Page 113 3. The MBH-σ* relationship......Page 115 4. Direct comparison with other methods......Page 116 5. The BLR radius-luminosity relationship......Page 117 7. Uncertainties in reverberation-based mass measurements......Page 119 8. Conclusions......Page 121 REFERENCES......Page 122 1. Introduction......Page 124 2. The sample, observational strategy and modeling......Page 125 3. M87......Page 127 4. The black-hole mass of a Seyfert galaxy......Page 128 5. Cen A......Page 129 6. NGC 4041......Page 132 7. NGC 5252......Page 133 8. NGC 1300......Page 136 9. NGC 2748......Page 137 10. NGC 3310......Page 138 12. NGC 4258......Page 141 13. Conclusions......Page 143 REFERENCES......Page 146 1.1. Deep surveys......Page 148 1.2. AGN classification criteria......Page 149 2.1. Anti-hierarchical growth of SMBHs......Page 151 2.2. Luminosity-dependence of AGN type-2 fraction......Page 153 3. The cosmic x-ray background......Page 157 4. Conclusions......Page 158 REFERENCES......Page 160 1. Introduction: Mass-estimation methods for active galaxies and quasars......Page 162 2.2. The UV R–L relationships......Page 165 2.3. Do the R–L relations apply to distant luminous quasars?......Page 166 3. Single-epoch mass estimates based on scaling relations......Page 168 3.2. Improved mass-scaling relations for Hβ and Civ......Page 169 4.1. Quasar samples......Page 171 4.3. Distributions with redshift......Page 172 4.4. The Eddington luminosity ratio distribution with redshift......Page 174 5. Mass functions of actively accreting black holes......Page 175 5.2. The space density of very massive black holes......Page 176 6. Potential issues with scaling relationships......Page 177 6.2. High-ionization outflows......Page 178 6.3. The unexpected relative line widths of Civ and Hβ......Page 179 6.4. Are the masses overestimated?......Page 180 REFERENCES......Page 182 1. Introduction......Page 185 3.2. Optical line diagnostics......Page 186 3.3. X-ray stacking......Page 188 4.1. The nature of optically faint, luminous infrared galaxies......Page 190 5. Conclusions......Page 191 REFERENCES......Page 192 1. Introduction......Page 194 2. Observations......Page 196 3. Spin......Page 197 5. Discussion......Page 199 REFERENCES......Page 200 1. Introduction......Page 203 2.1. Modeling galaxy mergers......Page 206 2.2. Large-scale dynamics and BH pairing......Page 207 2.3. Formation of a circumnuclear disk......Page 209 2.5. Effect of thermodynamics of the BH sinking......Page 210 3.1. Initial conditions......Page 211 3.2. Orbital decay on circular orbits......Page 214 3.3. Orbital decay along eccentric orbits......Page 215 3.4. High-resolution run: dynamics......Page 217 3.5. High resolution runs: constraints on accretion processes......Page 219 4. BH binaries, the MBH versus σ relation and the stalling problem......Page 220 5. Summary......Page 224 REFERENCES......Page 225 1. Characteristic scales......Page 227 2. Core structure......Page 228 3. Massive binaries......Page 230 3.3. Bound subsystems......Page 236 3.4. Massive perturbers......Page 237 4. SBH/IBH binaries......Page 238 5. Kicks and cores......Page 241 6. Black-hole-driven expansion......Page 245 REFERENCES......Page 246 2. Numerical relativity and the 3 + 1 formalism......Page 250 3. Binary neutron star mergers and hypermassive stars......Page 252 3.1. Collapse of a magnetized HMNS......Page 254 4. Black holes as central engines for GRBs......Page 255 6. Cosmological growth of supermassive black holes......Page 257 7. Conclusions......Page 261 REFERENCES......Page 262 1. Introduction......Page 264 2. The method: Fitting the x-ray continuum spectrum......Page 265 3. Establishing the continuum-fitting method......Page 268 4. A basis for optimism......Page 269 5. Importance of measuring spin......Page 270 REFERENCES......Page 271 1. Introduction......Page 273 1.1. Infall and inspiral into an MBH......Page 274 1.2. The dynamical state of the stellar system around the Galactic MBH......Page 276 2.1. Massive perturbers and the loss cone......Page 277 2.2. Massive perturbers in the Galactic Center......Page 278 2.3. Galactic and cosmic implications......Page 279 3.1. The Bahcall-Wolf solution of moderate mass-segregation......Page 283 3.2. The relaxational self-coupling parameter......Page 284 3.3. Solutions of the Fokker-Planck energy equation......Page 286 4.1. Resonant relaxation dynamics......Page 288 4.2. Resonant relaxation and EMRI rates......Page 291 4.3. Resonant relaxation and stellar populations in the GC......Page 292 5. Summary......Page 294 REFERENCES......Page 295 1. Introduction......Page 298 2. Selection of Candidates......Page 300 3. Tidal Disruption Flare Detections......Page 301 4. Conclusions......Page 304 REFERENCES......Page 305 1. Introduction......Page 306 3. Low-luminosity radio galaxies......Page 307 6. LINERs......Page 310 7. The nuclear radio-loudness parameter......Page 311 9. How to find RIAFs: nuclear radio loudness and Eddington ratio......Page 312 10. The SEDs of LLAGN......Page 315 10.1. NGC 4565......Page 316 10.2. SEDs of RIAFs?......Page 318 REFERENCES......Page 319 1. Prolog: The classical view of accretion disks......Page 321 2. Genuine disk physics......Page 322 3. Numerical simulations......Page 323 4.1. Radial stress profiles......Page 324 4.2. Internal vertical structure......Page 327 4.3. Jet launching......Page 330 5. Conclusions......Page 331 REFERENCES......Page 332 Black Holes, Entropy, And Information / G.t. Horowitz -- Gravitational Waves From Black-hole Mergers / J.g. Baker [and Others] -- Out-of-this-world Physics : Black Holes At Future Colliders / G. Landsberg -- Black Holes In Globular Clusters / S.l.w. Mcmillan -- Evolution Of Massive Black Holes / M. Volonteri -- Supermassive Black Holes Indeep Multiwavelength Surveys / C.m. Urry & E. Treister -- Black-hole Masses From Reverberation Mapping / B.m. Peterson & M.c. Bentz -- Black-hole Masses From Gas Dynamics / F.d. Macchetto -- Evolution Of Supermassive Black Holes / A. Müller & G. Hasinger -- Black-hole Masses Of Distant Quasars / M. Vestergaard -- The Accretion History Of Supermassive Black Holes / K. Brand & The Ndwfs Boötes Survey Teams -- Strong Field Gravity And Spin Of Black Holes From Broad Iron Lines / A.c. Fabian -- Birth Of Massive Black-hole Binaries / M. Colpi [and Others] -- Dynamics Around Supermassive Black Holes / A. Gualandris & D. Merritt -- Black-hole Formation And Growth / S.l. Shapiro -- Estimating The Spins Of Stellar-mass Black Holes / J.e. Mcclintock, R. Narayan & R. Shafee -- Stellar Relaxation Processes Near The Galactic Massive Black Hole / T. Alexander -- Tidal Disruptions Of Stars By Supermassive Black Holes / S. Gezari -- Where To Look For Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows In Low-luminosity Agn / M. Chiaberge -- Making Black Holes Visible / J.h. Krolik. Edited By Mario Livio, Anton M. Koekemoer. Includes Bibliographical References. Written by leading experts, these review papers explore the many aspects of black hole astrophysics. Topics range from black hole entropy, the fate of information, and supermassive black holes, to collider experiments and the measurements of black hole spins. This is an invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students.