Biphasic Chemistry and The Solvent Case (Eco-compatibility of Organic Synthesis Set)

Biphasic Chemistry and The Solvent Case examines recent improvements in reaction conditions, in order to affirm the role of chemistry in the sustainable field. This book shows that those who work within the chemistry industry support limits for the use of toxic or flammable solvents, since it reduces the purifications to simple filtrations. Thanks to commercial scavengers, solid phase syntheses are now available to all. Fluorine biphasic catalysis enables extremely efficient catalyst recycling and has a high applicability potential at the industrial level. This book also reviews the many studies that have shown that water is a solvent of choice for most synthetic reactions. Particular traits can be obtained and the effects on thermodynamics make it possible to operate at lower temperatures, thereby achieving energy savings. Finally the great diversity of application of the reactions without solvents is illustrated. Cover......Page 1 Half-Title Page......Page 3 Title Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 1.1. Introduction......Page 11 1.2. Principle of solid-phase chemistry......Page 12 1.4. Safety and environment......Page 14 1.5. Disadvantages and limitations......Page 15 1.7. Supports: linear skeletons......Page 16 1.8.1. Macroporous resins......Page 17 1.8.2. Gel resins......Page 18 1.9.2. Swelling properties......Page 20 1.9.4. Influence of cross-linking on swelling......Page 22 1.9.6. Influence of cross-linking on diffusion......Page 23 1.9.9. Proximity and pseudodilution effects......Page 24 1.9.11. Pseudodilution effect......Page 25 1.9.12. Availability and costs......Page 26 1.10.1. Spacer arms......Page 27 1.10.2. Linkers......Page 28 1.10.3. Influence of functionalization......Page 29 1.11.1. Centesimal analyses......Page 30 1.11.2. Colorimetric dosages......Page 32 1.11.4. Infrared spectroscopy......Page 33 1.11.5. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry......Page 34 1.12.1. Supported reagents......Page 39 1.12.2. Supported chiral catalysts......Page 42 1.12.3. Scavengers......Page 44 1.13.1. Examples......Page 45 1.13.2. Parallel syntheses on a solid support......Page 47 1.14.1. Microwave reactions......Page 50 1.14.3. Reactions under ultrasound......Page 52 1.14.5. Reactions in ionic liquid......Page 53 1.17. References......Page 55 2.1. Introduction......Page 67 2.2.1. History of fluorous chemistry......Page 68 2.2.2. Fluorous tags......Page 69 2.2.3. Fluorous solvents......Page 70 2.2.4. Solid fluorous phases......Page 72 2.3.1. Application for catalysis......Page 74 2.3.2. Application for synthesis......Page 85 2.5. References......Page 100 3.1.1. Presentation and history......Page 109 3.2.1. Water structure and properties......Page 110 3.2.2. Chemistry in water: the hydrophobic effect......Page 112 3.2.3. Origin of reactivity on water......Page 116 3.4.1. Pericyclic reactions......Page 117 3.4.2. Addition reactions of carbonyl derivatives......Page 131 3.4.3. Coupling reactions catalyzed by transition metals......Page 137 3.4.4. Radical reactions......Page 145 3.4.5. Oxidation and reduction reactions......Page 146 3.5. Multistep syntheses......Page 152 3.6. Industrial applications......Page 153 3.7. Conclusion......Page 154 3.8. References......Page 155 4.1. Introduction......Page 179 4.3. Working without solvents......Page 180 4.4. Limitations of the technique......Page 181 4.5.2. Examples......Page 182 4.5.3. Scaling up: industrial applications......Page 183 4.6.2. Examples......Page 186 4.6.3. Scaling up: industrial applications......Page 187 4.7.1. Methods and equipment......Page 188 4.7.2. Examples......Page 190 4.7.3. Scaling up: industrial applications......Page 195 4.8.1. Methods and equipment......Page 200 4.8.2. Examples......Page 201 4.9.1. Methods and equipment......Page 202 4.9.2. Examples......Page 204 4.9.3. Scaling up: industrial applications......Page 206 4.10.1. Methods and equipment......Page 208 4.10.2. Examples......Page 209 4.10.3. Scaling up: industrial applications......Page 211 4.11. Comparison of techniques......Page 214 4.13. References......Page 216 List of Authors......Page 227 Index......Page 229 Other titles from iSTE in Chemistry......Page 231 EULA......Page 233 Why are we trying to change our lives saying statements we don't believe... when the human mind automatically responds to something even more powerful? This book shows you how to reprogramme your subconscious mind along with teaching you the four steps to manifest your desires without a struggle. "Did you know that asking a new kind of question can immediately change your life? [This] isn't just another book on abundance. It's a proven, step-by-step guidebook to living the life of your dreams . ..."--Jacket