Biotechnology applied to inflammatory diseases : cellular mechanisms and nanomedicine

Biotechnology involves an interdisciplinary science that provides an interface between biological, molecular and cellular aspects of living organisms with broad technologies applicable in the fields of health, environment and materials. This book “Biotechnology applied to inflammatory diseases: Cellular mechanisms and nanomedicine” is focused on elaborating especially on two trendy areas from Biotechnology. In this volume, different inflammatory pathologies in terms of cellular and molecular mechanisms are characterized to better understand the science behind current precision medicine. The second part of the book focuses on the main biotechnological advancements for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of various types of inflammatory diseases, highlighting up-to-date contributions of nanomedicine. The reader will be able to explore the utilization of technologies for various inflammatory diseases and will be able to enable an engaging and valuable knowledge for further research and clinically applied scenarios. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Cardioimmunology: An Interdisciplinary Approach 1.1 The Heart 1.2 Immune System and Cardiovascular Diseases 1.2.1 Inflammation and Heart 1.2.1.1 Innate Response 1.2.1.2 Adaptive Response 1.2.1.3 Adaptative-Innate Immune Response Crosstalk and Heart 1.3 Biotechnological Tools Applied to the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights 1.4 Final Considerations References Chapter 2: Vascular Inflammation: From Cellular Mechanisms to Biotechnology Advances 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Blood Vessels and Vascular Inflammation 2.3 Cellular Markers of Vascular Inflammation 2.4 Chemical Markers of Vascular Inflammation 2.5 Molecular Markers of Vascular Inflammation 2.6 Biotechnology Advances in Diagnosis and Therapies for Vascular Inflammation 2.7 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 3: Methods for the Analysis of Arachidonic Acid-Derived Metabolites in Platelets 3.1 Introduction 3.2 AA Metabolism in Platelets: COX and LOX 3.3 Analytical Techniques to Detect and Quantify Bioactive Lipids in Platelets 3.3.1 HPLC with Ultraviolet Detection 3.3.2 HPLC with Fluorimetric Detection 3.3.3 MS Analysis of AA-Derived Metabolites 3.4 Analysis of Arachidonic Acid-Derived Metabolites on Platelet Mitochondria 3.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 4: Cancer Therapy-Induced Inflammation and Its Consequences 4.1 How Cancer Therapy Induces Inflammation? 4.1.1 The Role of Cell Death 4.1.2 How Cell Death Signals in Inflammation and Immunity? 4.1.3 Cytokines, Driving Mediators of Dying Cell-Induced Inflammatory Response 4.2 Beyond Cytokines. The Role of Lipid Mediators Produced by Cancer Therapy 4.2.1 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 4.2.2 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) 4.2.3 Resolvins 4.3 Modulating Inflammation for Cancer Therapy by Nanobiotechnology 4.4 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 5: Advanced Therapies for Patients with COVID-19 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for COVID-19 5.1.1.1 Use of MSCs to Treat Other Viral Infections 5.1.1.2 Rationale for Use of MSCs in COVID-19 5.1.2 Therapeutic Nucleic Acids/Gene Therapy 5.1.2.1 CRISPR-Cas System 5.1.2.2 Antisense Oligonucleotides 5.1.2.3 mRNA-Based Vaccines 5.1.2.4 Challenges and Concerns in Therapeutic Nucleic Acids/Gene Therapy 5.2 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 6: Coupling Glucose Phosphorylation to Oxygen in Brain Mitochondria: Would It Be a Redox Set Point? 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Glucose and Oxygen Fluxes in Brain, ROS and Dependence to Mitochondrial Δp 6.1.2 Controlling the Flow Mixture of Glucose and Oxygen in Brain. Do Mitochondria Play a Role? 6.1.3 Glucose Phosphorylation at Mitochondria in Mammalian Cells by Hexokinase. Or Why Otto Meyerhof Failed to Activate Glucos... 6.1.4 Glucose Phosphorylation at Mitochondria in Mammalian Cells by Hexokinase. A Signal to Survive and Control of Apoptosis. ... 6.1.5 Hexokinase as an Antioxidant Defense or Redox Signaling Modulator in Mitochondria? 6.1.6 Going Beyond the Brains: Are Bats, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Hexokinase Connected? References Chapter 7: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Trigger of Inflammation in Cardiomyopathies 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 7.1.2 Role of Mitochondria in the Heart 7.1.3 Metabolism 7.1.4 The Relevance of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiomyocytes 7.1.4.1 Mitochondrial Dynamics 7.1.4.2 Mitophagy 7.1.4.3 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 7.1.5 Calcium and ROS Regulation 7.1.6 Mitochondrial Calcium Overload and ROS as Inflammation Triggers 7.1.7 Role of Immune System Cells in Heart Function 7.1.8 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Immune Cells Interplay in the Development of Cardiomyopathies 7.1.9 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 7.1.10 Acute Myocardial Infarction 7.1.11 Sepsis 7.1.12 Myocarditis 7.2 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 8: Cross-Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Immune Cells and Its Impact on Inflammatory Diseases 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Gut Microbiome 8.2.1 Dialog Between Gut Microbiota and the Immune System in Homeostasis 8.2.1.1 Interactions Between the Innate Immune System and the Microbiota 8.2.1.2 Interactions Between the Adaptive Immune System and the Microbiota 8.3 Dysregulation of Gut Microbiota and the Association with Inflammation-Mediated Disease 8.3.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 8.3.2 Cancer 8.3.3 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases 8.3.4 Autoimmune Diseases 8.4 The Gut Microbiota Manipulation as a Treatment in Diseases 8.5 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 9: In Vitro Models and Molecular Markers for Assessing Nano-Based Systems Inflammatory Potential 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Evolution of Cell Culture Models 9.2.1 Cells 9.2.2 Cell Cultures 9.2.3 Coculture Models 9.2.4 Organ-on-a-Chip 9.3 Inflammatory Effect Biomarkers of Exposure to Nanoparticles 9.4 Evaluation of Genic Mutations for Exposure to Nanoparticles-Genetic Markers 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Macrophage-Targeted Nanomedicines 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Macrophage-Targeted Nanomedicines for Inflammatory Diseases 10.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases and the Role of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis 10.2.2 Current Therapeutics for Atherosclerosis 10.2.3 Macrophage-Targeted Nanomedicines for Atherosclerosis 10.2.3.1 mAbCD9-Targeted Nanomedicines for Anti-senescence Drug Delivery 10.2.3.2 MCP-1-Targeted Nanomedicines for Competitive Inhibition of MMP1 10.2.3.3 Hyaluronan-Targeted Nanomedicines 10.2.3.4 Oxidized Phosphatidylcholines-Targeted Nanomedicines 10.2.3.5 Synthetic HDL Biomimetic-Based Passively Targeted Nanomedicines for LXR Delivery 10.2.3.6 Plaque Targeting Via Biomimetic Liposomes 10.2.3.7 Increased Efferocytosis with Passively Targeted Nanomedicines to Monocytes 10.2.4 Inflammatory Lung Diseases and the Role of Macrophages 10.2.5 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for Pulmonary Inflammatory Diseases 10.2.6 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Role of Macrophages 10.2.7 Current Therapeutics for IBD 10.2.8 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for IBD 10.2.9 Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Role of Macrophages 10.2.10 Current Therapeutics for RA 10.2.11 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for RA 10.3 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for Infectious Diseases 10.3.1 Leishmaniasis and the Role of Macrophages 10.3.2 Current Therapeutics for Leishmaniasis 10.3.3 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for Leishmaniasis Treatment 10.3.4 Tuberculosis and the Role of Macrophages 10.3.5 Current Therapeutics for TB 10.3.6 Macrophages-Targeted Nanomedicines for TB 10.3.7 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease 10.4 Conclusions and Prospects References Chapter 11: Nanomedicine Applied to Inflammatory and Infectious Pulmonary Diseases 11.1 Introduction to Inflammation in the Respiratory System 11.2 Asthma: Improving Nanotherapeutics for Longer Relief 11.2.1 Nucleic Acid Supplementation 11.2.2 Plant-Derived Nanotherapeutics 11.2.3 Drug Delivery Systems 11.2.4 Peptide Nanoparticles 11.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 11.3.1 No Smoke without Fire: Inflammatory Aspect 11.3.2 Optimal Nanoparticle Characteristics 11.3.3 Inhalation Therapy 11.4 Crossing Mucus in Cystic Fibrosis 11.4.1 Nano-Based Therapies 11.5 Tuberculosis: A New Approach 11.5.1 Subverted Inflammation in Tuberculosis 11.5.2 Emerging Nanotherapeutics 11.5.3 Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance 11.5.4 Alveolar Macrophages: Aiming for the Heart 11.6 A Balancing Act: Battling Coronaviruses 11.6.1 Cytokine Storms: Battling Inflammation 11.6.2 Potential Nanotherapy: Lessons from SARS and MERS 11.6.3 Current Drug Repurposing and Nanotherapeutics 11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 12: Nano-Based Therapies for Acute and Chronic Lung Diseases 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 12.1.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 12.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury 12.3 Asthma 12.4 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Nanomedicine Applied to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Nanomedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease 13.1.2 Nanomedicines with Mesalazine (5-ASA) 13.1.3 Nanomedicines for Glucocorticosteroids 13.1.4 Nanomedicines with Biological Agents 13.2 Conclusion and Prospects References Chapter 14: Micro and Nanostructured Drug Release Systems for Skin Cancer Treatment 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Premalignant Dermatoses 14.1.2 Malignant Tumors 14.2 Topical Treatment 14.3 Release Systems 14.3.1 Emulsions 14.3.2 Nanostructured Systems 14.3.2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) 14.3.2.2 Liposomes 14.3.2.3 Transferosomes 14.3.2.4 Polymerized Particles 14.3.2.5 Dendrimers 14.3.2.6 Microsponges 14.3.2.7 Fullerenes 14.3.2.8 Metal Nanoparticles 14.3.2.9 ISCOMs (Immuno Stimulating Complex) 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Sulforaphane-Loaded Nanomedicines Applications: Trends on Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer Treatment 15.1 Sulforaphane: Biological Synthesis and Metabolism 15.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action 15.2.1 Therapeutic Applications 15.2.1.1 Sulforaphane and Their Therapeutic Associations: Trends on Nanomedicines for Cancer Treatment 15.3 Conclusion References