Biorefinery Production of Fuels and Platform Chemicals Production of Fuels and Platform Chemicals

From the selection and pretreatment of raw materials to design of reactors, methods of conversion, selection of process parameters, optimization, and production of various types of biofuels to the industrial applications for the technology, this is the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of liquid biofuels for engineers and students. Massive use of fossil-based fuels not only create environmental pollution, but these sources are already diminishing. Waste biomass can aid in the production of biobased energy and chemicals. This book is a complete collection of chapters on biofuel and biochemical production presented in a sustainable way. Biorefineries are the need of the day, because they have the potential to produce fuels and chemicals in an environmentally sustainable way, to eventually fully displace production based on fossil resources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Algal cells are also a suitable fit for the production of both fuels and chemicals replacing conventional sources. In this book, several chapters summarize how algal biomass can be processed for the production of bioenergy and biochemicals. This volume is essentially a roadmap towards thermochemical, biochemicals, bioengineering and bioprocessing. Written and edited by authors from leading biotechnology research groups from across the world, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library. Cover Half Title Also of Interest Biorefinery Production of Fuels and Platform Chemicals Copyright Dedication Contents List of Contributors Preface 1. Biofuels: Classification, Conversion Technologies, Optimization Techniques and Applications Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of Biofuels 1.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels 1.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 1.2.3 Third-Generation Algal Biofuels 1.3 Commonly Used Conversion Technologies 1.3.1 Gasification 1.3.1.1 Factors Influencing Gasification 1.3.2 Pyrolysis 1.3.2.1 Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis 1.3.3 Hydrothermal Processes 1.3.3.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization 1.3.3.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 1.3.3.3 Hydrothermal Gasification 1.3.4 Transesterification 1.4 Commonly Used Optimization Techniques 1.4.1 Response Surface Methodology 1.4.2 Genetic Algorithm 1.5 Application of Biofuels in Transportation Sector 1.5.1 Automobile Sector 1.5.2 Aviation Sector Conclusion References 2. Technical Challenges and Prospects of Renewable Fuel Generation and Utilization at a Global Scale Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Biofuel Synthesis 2.2.1 Biomass Energy 2.2.2 Biofuels 2.2.3 Biodiesel 2.3 Challenges for Bioenergy Generation 2.3.1 Operation Challenges in Biomass Energy Process 2.3.2 Economic Challenges in Biomass Energy Process 2.3.3 Social Challenges in Biomass Energy Processes 2.3.3.1 Conflicting Decision on Utility of Biomass Resources 2.3.3.2 Land Use Issue or Problems on Biomass Cultivation or Utilization 2.3.3.3 Environmental Impact of Biomass Resources 2.3.4 Policy and Regulatory Challenges for Biomass Energy Utility 2.4 Conclusions Abbreviations References 3. Engineered Microbial Systems for the Production of Fuels and Industrially Important Chemicals Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microbial Systems for Biofuels and Chemicals Production 3.2.1 Microbial Systems for Genetic Engineering and Cellular Fabrication 3.2.2 Engineering of Microbial Cell Systems for Biofuels Production 3.2.2.1 Alcohols 3.2.3 Engineering of Microbial Cell Systems for Chemical Synthesis 3.2.3.1 Organic Acids 3.2.3.2 Fatty Alcohols 3.2.3.3 Bioplastic 3.3 Conclusions References 4. Production of Biomethane and Its Perspective Conversion: An Overview Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Sources of Methane 4.1.2 Methane from Human Activity 4.1.3 Impact of Methane on Climatic Change and Future 4.1.4 Advancements and Challenges References 5. Microalgal Biomass Synthesized Biodiesel: A Viable Option to Conventional Fuel Energy in Biorefinery Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Diesel 5.2.1 Biodiesel 5.3 Production of Biodiesel 5.3.1 Origin of Biofuels 5.3.2 Biodiesel Production from Algae 5.3.3 Intensity of Radiant Light 5.3.4 Lipid Content 5.3.5 Biomass Culturing Conditions 5.3.5.1 Temperature of Cultivation 5.3.5.2 pH of Cultivation 5.3.5.3 Duration Period of Light of Cultivation 5.3.5.4 Carbon Uptake of Cultivation 5.3.5.5 Oxygen Generation in Cultivation 5.3.5.6 Mixing Rates of Cultivation 5.3.5.7 Nutrient Uptake of Cultivation 5.4 Harvesting of Microalgae 5.4.1 Extraction of Oil 5.4.1.1 Varying n-Hexane to Algae Ratio 5.4.1.2 Varying the Algal Biomass Size 5.4.1.3 Varying Contact Time between n-Hexane and Algae Biomass 5.4.2 Transesterification 5.5 Conclusion Abbreviations References 6. Algae Biofuel Production Techniques: Recent Advancements Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Technologies for Conversion if Algal Biofuels 6.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgae Biomass into Biofuel 6.2.1.1 Gasification 6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Liquefaction 6.2.1.3 Pyrolysis 6.2.1.4 Direct Combustion 6.2.2 Biochemical Conversion 6.2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 6.2.2.2 Alcoholic Fermentation 6.2.2.3 Photobiological Hydrogen Production 6.3 Production of Biodiesel from Algal Biomass 6.3.1 Transesterification 6.4 Genetic Engineering Toward Biofuels Production 6.5 Summary References 7. Technologies of Microalgae Biomass Cultivation for Bio-Fuel Production: Challenges and Benefits Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Challenges Towards Algae Biofuel Technology 7.3 Biology Related with Algae 7.4 Algae Biofuels 7.5 Benefits of Microalgal Biofuels 7.6 Technologies for Production of Microalgae Biomass 7.6.1 Photoautotrophic Production 7.6.1.1 Open Pond Production Systems 7.6.1.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 7.6.1.3 Hybrid Production Systems 7.6.2 Heterotrophic Method Production 7.6.3 Mixotrophic Production 7.6.4 Photoheterotrophic Cultivation 7.7 Impact of Microalgae on the Environment 7.8 Advantages of Utilizing Microalgae Biomass for Biofuels 7.9 Conclusion References 8. Agrowaste Lignin as Source of High Calorific Fuel and Fuel Additive Abstract 8.1 Agrowaste 8.2 Lignin 8.2.1 Structure of Lignin 8.2.2 Types of Lignin 8.2.3 Applications of Lignin 8.3 Lignin as Fuel 8.3.1 Bioethanol Production 8.3.2 Bio-Oil Production 8.3.3 Syngas Production 8.4 As Fuel Additive 8.5 Conclusion References 9. Fly Ash Derived Catalyst for Biodiesel Production Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Coal Fly Ash: Resources and Utilization 9.3 Composition of Coal Fly Ash 9.4 Economic Perspective of Biodiesel 9.5 Biodiesel from Fly Ash Derived Catalyst 9.5.1 Coal Fly Ash-Derived Sodalite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst 9.5.1.1 Zeolite Synthesis from Coal Fly Ash 9.5.1.2 Production of Biodiesel through Heterogeneous Transesterification 9.5.2 CaO/Fly Ash Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Oil in Production of Biodiesel 9.5.2.1 Production of Biodiesel 9.5.2.2 Transesterification Reaction 9.5.3 Biodiesel Production Catalysed by Sulphated Fly-Ash 9.5.4 Composite Catalyst of Palm Mill Fly Ash-Supported Calcium Oxide (Eggshell Powder) 9.5.4.1 Preparation of the CaO/PMFA Catalyst 9.5.5 Kaliophilite-Fly Ash Based Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel 9.5.5.1 Synthesis of Kaliophilite 9.5.6 Fly-Ash Derived Zeolites for Production of Biodiesel Conclusion References 10. Emerging Biomaterials for Bone Joints Repairing in Knee Joint Arthroplasty: An Overview Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Resources and Selecting Criteria 10.3 Reasons for Bone Defects of Tibia Plateau 10.4 Classification of Bone Defects of Medial Tibia Plateau 10.5 Different Biomaterials for Tibial Plateau Bone Defects 10.6 New Biomaterials to Repair Bone Defects in Tibia Plateau 10.7 Conclusion References About the Editor Index