Bioreactors : sustainable design and industrial applications in mitigation of GHG emissions

Bioreactors: Sustainable Design and Industrial Applications in Mitigation of GHG Emissions presents and compares the foundational concepts, state-of-the-art design and fabrication of bioreactors. Solidly based on theoretical fundamentals, the book examines various aspects of the commercially available bioreactors, such as construction and fabrication, design, modeling and simulation, development, operation, maintenance, management and target applications for biofuels production and bio-waste management. Emerging issues in commercial feasibility are explored, constraints and pathways for upscaling, and techno-economic assessment are also covered. This book provides researchers and engineers in the biofuels and waste management sectors a clear, at-a-glance understanding of the actual potential of different advanced bioreactors for their requirements. It is a must-have reference for better-informed decisions when selecting the appropriate technology models for sustainable systems development and commercialization. Focuses on sustainable bioreactor processes and applications in bioenergy and bio-waste management Explores techno-economic and sustainability assessment aspects through a comparative approach, catering to diverse arrays and applications Offers comprehensive coverage of the most recent technology, from fundamentals to applications Title-page_2020_Bioreactors Bioreactors Contents_2020_Bioreactors Contents Chapter-1---Microalgae-biofuel-bioreactors-for-mitigation-of-i_2020_Bioreact 1 Microalgae biofuel bioreactors for mitigation of industrial CO2 emissions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Microalgae 1.3 Microalgae growth parameters 1.3.1 Light 1.3.2 Nutrients 1.3.3 Carbon dioxide 1.3.4 Temperature 1.4 Microalgae cultivation systems for CO2 capture 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter-2---Microbiology-and-biochemistry-of-anaerobic-digeste_2020_Bioreact 2 Microbiology and biochemistry of anaerobic digesters: an overview 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Anaerobic digestion steps 2.3 Challenges in anaerobic digesters operation 2.4 Microbial ecology 2.5 Microbiological dynamics 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter-3---Process-intensification-for-the-production-of-canola-b_2020_Bior 3 Process intensification for the production of canola-based methyl ester via ultrasonic batch reactor: optimization and ki... 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Feedstocks for biodiesel production 3.3 Current research 3.4 Materials and methodology 3.4.1 Materials 3.4.2 Experimental 3.5 Results and discussion 3.5.1 Effect of methanol-to-oil ratio on methyl ester content 3.5.2 Effect of catalyst amount on methyl ester content 3.5.3 Effect of reaction time on methyl ester content 3.5.4 Effect of amplitude on methyl ester content 3.5.5 Reaction kinetics of canola oil methyl ester via ultrasonic-assisted technique 3.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-4---Conversion-of-rubber-seed-oil-to-biodiesel-using-co_2020_Bioreac 4 Conversion of rubber seed oil to biodiesel using continuous ultrasonic reactor 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rubber seed oil as feedstock 4.3 Ultrasonic method in biodiesel production 4.4 Material and methodology 4.4.1 Materials 4.4.2 Experiments 4.5 Results and discussion 4.5.1 Esterification process 4.5.2 Transesterification process 4.5.3 Upscale potential of continuous sonitube reactor 4.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-5---Conversion-of-biomass-into-biofuel--a-cutting-edg_2020_Bioreacto 5 Conversion of biomass into biofuel: a cutting-edge technology 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Biomass potential 5.1.2 Carbon dioxide emissions and carbon cycle 5.2 Classification of biofuels 5.2.1 Classification based on feedstock 5.2.1.1 First generation biofuels 5.2.1.2 Second generation biofuels 5.2.1.3 Third generation biofuels 5.2.2 Classification based on biofuel nature 5.2.2.1 Biodiesel 5.2.2.1.1 Introduction 5.2.2.1.2 Biodiesel production 5.2.2.1.3 Properties of pure plant oil and biodiesel 5.2.2.2 Bioethanol 5.2.2.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2.2.2 Production of bioethanol 5.2.2.2.3 Purification of bioethanol 5.2.2.2.4 Properties of bioethanol 5.2.2.3 Biobutanol 5.2.2.3.1 Introduction 5.2.2.3.2 Biobutanol production 5.2.2.3.3 Properties of biobutanol 5.2.2.4 Biomethane 5.2.2.4.1 Introduction 5.2.2.4.2 Biomethane production 5.2.2.4.3 Types of biomethane 5.2.2.4.4 Properties of biomethane 5.2.2.5 Biohydrogen 5.2.2.5.1 Introduction 5.2.2.5.2 Biohydrogen production 5.2.2.5.3 Properties of biohydrogen 5.3 Barriers of biofuels 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter-6---Dry-fermenters-for-biogas-production_2020_Bioreactors 6 Dry fermenters for biogas production 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Different kinds of dry fermenters for biogas production 6.2.1 Continuous plug flow reactor 6.2.2 Garage-type dry fermenter 6.2.3 Upflow anaerobic solid-state reactor 6.2.4 Down plug-flow anaerobic reactor 6.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-7---Biogas-production-from-waste--technical-overview--p_2020_Bioreac 7 Biogas production from waste: technical overview, progress, and challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Current status of biogas production 7.3 Available wastes for biogas production 7.3.1 Animal residues 7.3.2 Food industry waste 7.3.3 Organic fraction of municipal solid waste 7.3.4 Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants 7.4 Technological advancements in biogas production 7.4.1 Pretreatment of wastes 7.4.1.1 Particle size reduction 7.4.1.2 Liquid hot water treatment 7.4.1.3 Microwave treatment 7.4.1.4 Acid pretreatment 7.4.1.5 Alkali pretreatment 7.4.1.6 Thermal/thermochemical pretreatment 7.4.1.7 Ultrasonic pretreatment 7.4.1.8 Enzymatic pretreatment 7.4.2 Seeding of microbes 7.4.3 Codigestion of wastes 7.4.4 Digester designs and process optimization 7.5 Challenges associated with biogas technology dissemination 7.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-8---Life-cycle-assessment-of-waste-to-bioenergy-proces_2020_Bioreact 8 Life cycle assessment of waste-to-bioenergy processes: a review 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Global waste generation scenario 8.3 Need for waste-derived bioenergy 8.4 Different technologies for converting waste-to-energy 8.4.1 Thermal conversion technologies 8.4.1.1 Incineration 8.4.1.2 Pyrolysis 8.4.1.3 Gasification 8.4.2 Biochemical conversion technologies 8.4.3 Bioelectrochemical processes 8.5 Life cycle assessment for waste-derived bioenergy systems 8.5.1 Basics of life cycle assessments and its methodological framework 8.5.2 Location and scope of life cycle assessment studies 8.5.3 Types of wastes and energy products 8.5.4 Contributions of life cycle assessment research in waste-to-bioethanol processes 8.5.5 Contributions of life cycle assessment research in waste-to-biodiesel processes 8.5.6 Contributions of life cycle assessment research in waste-to-biogas processes 8.6 Key challenges in life cycle assessment studies and future recommendations 8.7 Conclusion 8.8 Acknowledgment References Chapter-9---Bioethanol-production-from-lignocellulosic-biomass--_2020_Biorea 9 Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (water hyacinth): a biofuel alternative 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study background 9.2.1 Bioethanol 9.2.2 Lignocellulose 9.2.3 Water hyacinth as lignocellulosic biomass 9.2.4 Pretreatment techniques 9.2.5 White rot fungi 9.2.6 Fermentation 9.3 Methodology 9.3.1 Growth rate 9.3.1.1 Preparation of cultivation tank 9.3.1.2 Cultivation of water hyacinth 9.3.1.3 Growth rate of plants 9.3.2 Biodegradation 9.3.2.1 Preparation of dry water hyacinth 9.3.2.2 Preparation of water hyacinth powder 9.3.2.3 Preparation of white-rot fungi 9.3.2.4 Pretreatment process 9.3.2.5 Determination of sugar content 9.3.2.6 Determination of hemicellulose 9.3.2.7 Determination of lignin 9.3.2.8 Fermentation process 9.3.2.9 Determination of sugar 9.4 Results and discussion 9.4.1 Growth rate 9.4.2 Biodegradation 9.4.2.1 Hemicellulose 9.4.2.2 Sugar 9.4.2.3 Lignin 9.4.3 Fermentation 9.4.3.1 Sugar 9.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-10---Working-principle-of-typical-bioreactors_2020_Bioreactors 10 Working principle of typical bioreactors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors 10.2.1 Aerobic reactors 10.2.2 Anaerobic reactors 10.3 Plug flow bioreactor 10.3.1 Design parameters and process 10.3.2 Performance of the reactor 10.3.2.1 Applications 10.4 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor 10.4.1 Design of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor 10.4.2 Working process of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor 10.5 Photobioreactor 10.5.1 Flat-plate photobioreactors 10.5.2 Annular photobioreactor 10.5.3 Tubular photobioreactors 10.5.4 Photobioreactor configurations 10.5.5 Working of photobioreactor 10.6 Reverse membrane bioreactor 10.6.1 Diffusion phenomenon of reverse membrane bioreactor 10.6.2 Difference between conventional membrane bioreactor and reverse membrane bioreactor 10.7 Immersed membrane bioreactor 10.7.1 Configuration and design of the immersed membrane bioreactor 10.7.2 Process of immersed membrane bioreactor 10.8 Fluidized bed bioreactor 10.8.1 Mechanism and working of fluidized bed reactor 10.8.2 Process flow in fluidized bed reactor 10.9 Packed bed bioreactor 10.9.1 Design and configurations of packed bed reactor 10.9.2 Applications of packed bed reactor 10.10 Activated sludge bioreactor 10.10.1 Mixing regime of the activated sludge bioreactor 10.10.2 Process of activated sludge reactor 10.11 Membrane bioreactor 10.11.1 Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor 10.11.2 Configuration of membrane bioreactor 10.11.3 Working of membrane bioreactor 10.12 Immobilized cell bioreactor 10.13 Future perspective 10.14 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-11---Anaerobic-treatment-of-municipal-solid-waste-land_2020_Bioreact 11 Anaerobic treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Municipal solid waste management 11.3 Landfill 11.4 Overview on landfill processing 11.5 Landfill leachate 11.6 Leachate characterization 11.7 Treatment of landfill leachate 11.8 Anaerobic treatment of leachate 11.8.1 Fluidized bed reactor 11.8.2 Anaerobic baffled reactor 11.8.3 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor 11.8.4 Anaerobic filters 11.8.5 Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket in leachate treatment 11.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-12---Advancements-in-hydrothermal-liquefaction-reactors_2020_Bioreac 12 Advancements in hydrothermal liquefaction reactors: overview and prospects 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background on hydrothermal liquefaction 12.3 Hydrothermal liquefaction biomass feedstocks 12.3.1 Woody biomass and wood-processing waste 12.3.2 Wastes 12.3.3 Microalgae 12.3.4 Catalytic and noncatalytic hydrothermal liquefaction 12.3.5 Continuous flow system of hydrothermal liquefaction 12.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction efficiency 12.4 Conclusion References Chapter-13---An-overview-of-algal-photobioreactors-for-resourc_2020_Bioreact 13 An overview of algal photobioreactors for resource recovery from waste 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Photobioreactors used for algal cultivation 13.2.1 Column photobioreactor 13.2.2 Bubble column reactor 13.2.3 Airlift photobioreactor 13.2.4 Flat panel photobioreactor 13.2.5 Tubular photobioreactor 13.3 Control systems and their strategies in photobioreactors 13.3.1 pH control in tubular photobioreactor 13.3.2 Control of biomass production in tubular photobioreactors 13.3.3 Fluid dynamics in photobioreactors 13.4 Species transport models for bubble movement 13.4.1 Eulerian–Eulerian model 13.4.2 Lagrangian–Eulerian model 13.4.3 Volume of fluid model 13.4.4 Bubble size estimation 13.4.5 Computational fluid dynamics-based design for an enclosed horizontal bioreactor for algae cultivation 13.5 Light intensity and distribution in photobioreactors 13.5.1 Modeling of photosynthetic and biomass rate in photobioreactors 13.5.2 Models used for assessing biomass production rate in photobioreactors 13.5.3 Modeling light distribution in a photobioreactor 13.5.4 Modeling based on temperature and intensity of light on photosynthesis 13.6 Kinetics of mixing in airlift and bubble reactors 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter-14---An-overview-of-bioreactor-configurations-and-operati_2020_Biore 14 An overview of bioreactor configurations and operational strategies for dark fermentative biohydrogen production 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Bioreactors for hydrogen fermentation 14.2.1 Continuous stirred tank reactor 14.2.2 Packed bed reactor 14.2.3 Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor 14.2.4 Membrane bioreactor 14.2.5 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 14.2.6 Expanded granular sludge bed 14.2.7 Anaerobic baffled reactor 14.3 Conclusion References Chapter-15---Bioreactor-for-algae-cultivation-and-biodiesel-p_2020_Bioreacto 15 Bioreactor for algae cultivation and biodiesel production 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Algal product and chemistry of biosynthesis 15.3 Cultivation bioreactors systems 15.3.1 Open pond bioreactors 15.3.2 Photobioreactors 15.3.3 Tubular or vertical photobioreactor 15.3.4 Flat-panel photobioreactor 15.3.5 Helical photobioreactor 15.3.6 Stirred tank photobioreactor 15.4 Methods for microalgae biodiesel extraction 15.4.1 Pretreatment 15.4.2 Solvent extraction 15.4.3 Folch method 15.4.4 Soxhlet extraction 15.4.5 Bligh and Dyer method 15.4.6 Mechanical methods 15.4.7 Milling 15.4.8 Pressing 15.4.9 Freeze–thaw method 15.4.10 Enzymatic methods 15.4.11 Supercritical fluid extraction 15.4.12 Microwave-assisted extraction 15.4.13 Ultrasound-assisted extraction 15.4.14 Pressurized liquid extraction 15.5 Osmotic pressure 15.6 Pulsed electric field technologies 15.7 Photobioreactor in present scenarios 15.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References List-of-contributors_2020_Bioreactors List of contributors Front Cover -- Bioreactors -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Microalgae biofuel bioreactors for mitigation of industrial CO2 emissions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microalgae -- 1.3 Microalgae growth parameters -- 1.3.1 Light -- 1.3.2 Nutrients -- 1.3.3 Carbon dioxide -- 1.3.4 Temperature -- 1.4 Microalgae cultivation systems for CO2 capture -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Microbiology and biochemistry of anaerobic digesters: an overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anaerobic digestion steps -- 2.3 Challenges in anaerobic digesters operation -- 2.4 Microbial ecology