Biopolymer Composites : Production and Modification From Tropical Wood and Non-Wood Raw Materials

Biopolymer Composites covers a wide range of materials used in biocomposite products, from biopolymer, wood fiber, wood, and non-wood species. It discusses the preparation of the material, processing and end applications, and also reviews wood quality improvement through different types of treatments. Compiles numerous raw material sources from tropical wood and non-wood species for biopolymer composites. Includes biocomposite production and modification. Ideal for students, researchers and industry professionals interested in biocomposites. Cover Half Title Also of interest Biopolymer Composites: Production and Modification from Tropical Wood and Non-Wood Raw Materials Copyright About the editors Preface Contents List of contributing authors 1. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)/natural fiber green composites: melt blending processes and tensile properties 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Preparations of green composites 1.2.1 Melt blending 1.2.2 Composite molding 1.3 Tensile properties of green composites 1.3.1 Tensile properties of green composites at low natural fiber loading 1.3.2 Tensile properties of green composites at high natural fiber loading 1.4 Challenges and future recommendations 1.5 Conclusions References 2. Material selection and conceptual design in natural fibre composites 2.1 Natural fibres composites 2.2 Material selection 2.3 Conceptual design 2.3.1 Case study on conceptual design development using brainstorming method References 3. Amine compounds post-treatment on formaldehyde emission and properties of urea formaldehyde bonded particleboard 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Objectives 3.2 Materials and methods 3.2.1 Preparation of materials 3.2.2 Particleboard fabrication 3.2.3 Post treatment with amine compound 3.2.4 Properties evaluation of particleboard 3.2.4.1 Formaldehyde emission test by desiccator method 3.2.4.2 Evaluation of physical properties 3.2.4.3 Evaluation of mechanical properties 3.2.5 Statistical analysis 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Formaldehyde emission of particleboard 3.3.2 Physical and mechanical properties of the post-treated particleboard 3.4 Conclusions References 4. Manufacturing defects of woven natural fibre thermoset composites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Advantageous of woven composites 4.3 Fabrication method of woven thermoset composites 4.3.1 Hand lay-up and wet laminate 4.3.2 Resin transfer moulding (RTM) 4.3.3 Compression resin transfer moulding (CRTM) 4.3.4 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) 4.3.5 Vacuum bagging process 4.4 Epoxy composite failure and manufacturing 4.5 Future direction toward sustainable and green materials 4.6 Conclusion References 5. Manufacturing defects and interfacial adhesion of Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibre reinforced fibreglass/kevlar hybrid composite in boat construction application 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and methods 5.2.1 Preparation of materials 5.2.2 Impact test 5.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy 5.3 Result and discussion 5.3.1 Determination of manufacturing defect by using scanning electron microscopy 5.3.2 Correlation of manufacturing defects and interfacial adhesion to impact properties 5.4 Conclusions References 6. Wettability of keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) wood after weathering under tropical climate 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and methods 6.2.1 Preparation of samples 6.2.2 Observation of crack formation 6.2.3 Evaluation of wettability 6.2.4 Evaluation of chemical analysis 6.2.5 Statistical analysis 6.3 Results and discussion 6.3.1 Visual observation 6.3.2 Wettability 6.3.3 Lignin content 6.4 Conclusions References 7. Mechanical performance and failure characteristics of cross laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods species 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Material and methods 7.2.1 Samples preparation 7.2.2 Production of CLT 7.2.3 Evaluation of mechanical properties and observation on failure characteristics of CLT 7.2.4 Statistical analysis 7.3 Results and discussion 7.3.1 Mechanical properties 7.3.2 Failure characteristics 7.4 Conclusions References Nurul Ain Maidin, Salit Mohd Sapuan*, Mastura Mohammad Taha and Zuhri 8. Constructing a framework for selecting natural fibres as reinforcements composites based on grey relational analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Proposed Framework 8.2.2 Data collection 8.3 Results and discussion 8.3.1 Grey relational sequence generation 8.3.2 Derivation of reference sequence 8.3.3 Calculation of GRG 8.4 Conclusions References 9. Thermal properties of wood flour reinforced polyamide 6 biocomposites by twin screw extrusion 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Experimental 9.2.1 Materials 9.2.2 Fabrication of waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composites 9.2.3 Thermal analysis 9.2.3.1 Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 9.2.3.2 Different scanning calorimeter (DSC) 9.2.3.3 Dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) 9.3 Result and discussion 9.3.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis Results 9.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Results 9.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Results 9.4 Conclusions References 10. Characterization of lignocellulosic S. persica fibre and its composites: a review 10.1 Introduction 10.2 History of S. persica tree and its fibre 10.3 Uses of S. persica tree 10.4 Characterization of S. persica fibre 10.4.1 Structure and chemical composition of natural fibre 10.4.2 S. persica stem cell wall ultrastructure 10.4.3 S. persica stem composition and structure 10.5 S. persica based polymer composite 10.5.1 Effect S. persica on the physical properties of composites 10.5.2 Effect S. persica on the mechanical properties of composites 10.5.3 Effect S. persica on the thermal properties of composite 10.6 Limitations of S. persica as filler or reinforcement agent 10.7 Conclusions and perspective References 11. An overview of mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with plant based natural fibres Abbreviations 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Types of plant based natural fibre 11.1.1.1 Rice husk ash (RHA) 11.1.1.2 Coconut shell ash (CSA) 11.1.1.3 Groundnut shell ash (GSA) 11.1.1.4 Palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) 11.1.1.5 Bagasse ash (BA) 11.1.1.6 Bamboo leaf ash (BLA) 11.2 Fabrication techniques of plant based natural fibre Al-matrix composites 11.2.1 Liquid fabrication route 11.2.1.1 Stir casting route 11.2.1.2 Friction stir processing route 11.2.1.3 Compo-casting route 11.2.2 Solid fabrication route 11.2.2.1 Powder metallurgy route 11.3 Properties of plant based natural fibre reinforced AMCs 11.3.1 Mechanical properties of plant based natural fibre reinforced AMCs 11.3.2 Corrosion characteristics of plant based natural fibre Al-matrix composite 11.3.3 Microstructure of plant based natural fibre reinforced AMCs 11.4 Conclusions References 12. Physical and mechanical properties of Acacia mangium plywood after sanding treatment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and methods 12.2.1 A. mangium log 12.2.2 Sanding treatment of veneer surface 12.2.3 A. mangium plywood 12.2.4 Testing 12.2.4.1 Surface properties 12.2.4.2 Mechanical properties 12.2.4.3 Physical properties and dimensional stability 12.2.4.4 Data analysis 12.3 Results and discussion 12.3.1 Wettability of veneer on surface properties 12.4 Physical and mechanical properties of plywood 12.5 Conclusions References 13. Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Materials and methods 13.2.1 Materials 13.2.2 Fabrication of composite 13.2.3 Mechanical testing 13.2.3.1 Tensile test 13.2.3.2 Impact test 13.2.3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 13.2.3.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 13.2.4 Thermal testing 13.2.4.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 13.2.4.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 13.3 Results and discussion 13.3.1 Mechanical testing 13.3.1.1 Tensile testing 13.3.1.2 Impact testing 13.3.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 13.3.3 SEM micrograph 13.3.4 Thermal testing 13.3.4.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 13.3.4.2 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 13.4 Conclusions References 14. The properties of 3D printed poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene-adipate-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) reinforced PLA/PBAT composites used in fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Materials and methodology 14.2.1 Materials 14.2.2 Preparation of PLA/PBAT blend filament 14.2.3 Preparation of 3D printed PLA/PBAT blend and PLA/PBAT/EFB composite 14.2.4 FDM 3D printing software preparation 14.2.5 Characterizations of 3D printed PLA/PBAT blend and PLA/PBAT/EFB composite 14.2.5.1 Mechanical properties 14.2.5.1.1 Tensile properties 14.2.5.1.2 Impact properties 14.2.5.2 Morphological analysis 14.2.5.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 14.3 Result and discussion 14.3.1 Mechanical properties 14.3.1.1 Tensile properties 14.3.1.2 Impact properties 14.3.2 Morphological analysis 14.3.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 14.4 Conclusions References 15. Properties of plybamboo manufactured from two Malaysian bamboo species— 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and methods 15.2.1 Preparation of plybamboo 15.2.2 Evaluation of bonding properties 15.2.3 Evaluation of physical properties 15.2.4 Evaluation of mechanical properties 15.2.5 Statistical analysis 15.3 Results and discussion 15.3.1 Shear strength and bamboo failure percentage 15.3.2 Physical properties 15.4 Mechanical properties 15.5 Conclusions References 16. Fundamental study of commercial polylactic acid and coconut fiber/polylactic acid filaments for 3D printing 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology and experimental setup 16.2.1 Research methodology and bio-composite fabrication 16.2.2 Materials 16.2.3 Characterization 16.3 Results and discussion 16.3.1 Tensile testing 16.3.2 Flexural testing 16.3.3 Compression testing 16.3.4 Impact testing 16.3.5 Dynamic mechanical analysis testing (DMA) 16.4 Conclusions References 17. Flexural analysis of hemp, kenaf and glass fibre-reinforced polyester resin 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Methods 17.2.1 Materials 17.2.2 Fabrication of hybrid composites 17.2.3 Flexural test 17.3 Results and discussion 17.3.1 Effect of different fibre core material on flexural properties of hybrid composites 17.3.2 Effect of different core thickness on flexural properties of hybrid composites 17.3.3 Effect of fibre arrangement on flexural properties of hybrid composites 17.4 Conclusions References 18. Effect of stacking sequence on tensile properties of glass, hemp and kenaf hybrid composites 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Material and method 18.2.1 Material 18.2.2 Preparation of hybrid composite 18.2.3 Tensile test 18.3 Results and discussion 18.3.1 Effect of different core material on tensile properties of hybrid composite laminates 18.3.2 Effect of core thickness on tensile properties of hybrid composite laminates 18.3.3 Effect of fibre arrangement on tensile properties of hybrid composite 18.4 Conclusions References 19. Investigation on impact properties of different type of fibre form: hybrid hemp/glass and kenaf/glass composites 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and methods 19.2.1 Material 19.2.2 Hybrid Composites Fabrications 19.2.3 Drop Weight Impact Test 19.3 Results and discussion 19.3.1 Effect of different core material on impact properties of hybrid composites 19.3.2 Effect of core thickness on impact properties of hybrid composites 19.3.3 Effect of fibre arrangement on impact properties of hybrid composites 19.3.4 Damage Evaluation of hybrid composites 19.4 Conclusions References Index