Biophysics and Biochemistry of Cartilage by NMR and MRI (New Developments in NMR, Volume 8)

This unique book describes the latest information in the fundamental understanding of the biophysics and biochemistry of articular cartilage using the state-of-the-art practices in NMR and MRI. This is the first book of its kind, written by physicists and chemists on this important tissue, whose degradation contributes to osteoarthritis and related joint diseases. Connecting the fundamental science with the clinical imaging applications, the experts Editors provide an authoritative addition to the literature. Ideal for practising physical scientists and radiologists with an interest in the fundamental science as well as instrument manufacturers and clinical researchers working with articular cartilage. This Unique Book Describes The Latest Information In The Fundamental Understanding Of The Biophysics And Biochemistry Of Articular Cartilage Using The State-of-the-art Practices In Nmr And Mri. Cover; Biophysics And Biochemistry Of Cartilage By Nmr And Mri; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Part One -- Introduction; Chapter 1 -- Introduction To Cartilage; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Cartilage And The Joint; 1.2.1 Different Types Of Cartilage; 1.2.2 Synovial Joints And Articular Cartilage; 1.3 Cellular Aspects Of Articular Cartilage; 1.3.1 Cartilage Progenitor Cells; 1.3.2 Mature Chondrocytes In Cartilage; 1.3.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells; 1.4 Extracellular Matrix Of Articular Cartilage; 1.4.1 Collagen; 1.4.2 Proteoglycans And Glycosaminoglycans; 1.4.3 Water; 1.4.4 Other Components. 1.5 Histological Structure Of Articular Cartilage1.5.1 The Zonal Structure Of Articular Cartilage; 1.5.2 Depth-dependent Physicochemical Properties; 1.6 Biomechanical Properties Of Articular Cartilage; 1.6.1 The Uncompressed Equilibrium State; 1.6.2 Compression Of Articular Cartilage; 1.7 Joint And Gross Morphology Of Articular Cartilage; 1.7.1 Development Of Synovial Joint; 1.7.2 Topographic Distributions In The Knee; 1.7.3 Topographic Distributions In The Shoulder; 1.7.4 The Split-line Pattern; 1.8 The Diseases Of Cartilage And Joints; 1.8.1 Classification And Etiology Of Osteoarthritis. 1.8.2 Pathogenesis1.8.3 The Role Of Subchondral Bone; 1.8.4 Biomarkers; 1.8.5 Treatment; 1.9 Osteoarthritis Research; 1.9.1 In Vivo Models Of Osteoarthritis; 1.9.2 In Vitro Models Of Cartilage Degeneration; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 2 -- Osmotic Properties Of Cartilage; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Cartilage Molecular Architecture, Gross Appearance, And Morphology; 2.3 Osmotic Swelling Pressure Of Cartilage; 2.4 Molecular Interactions Of Cartilage Polymers; 2.4.1 Osmotic Observations; 2.4.2 Small-angle Scattering Measurements; 2.4.3 Dynamic Properties Of Proteoglycan Assemblies. 2.5 Conclusionsacknowledgements; References; Chapter 3 -- Introduction To Nmr And Mri; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Semiclassical Description Of Nmr; 3.2.1 Nmr-active Nuclei; 3.2.2 Vector Description Of Nmr; 3.2.3 Excitation; 3.2.4 Precession And The Bloch Equation; 3.2.5 Rotating Frame; 3.2.6 Chemical Shielding And Chemical Shift; 3.2.7 Spin Relaxation; 3.2.8 Nmr Signal Detection; 3.2.9 Spin Echo And Nmr Pulse Sequences; 3.3 Quantum Description Of Nmr; 3.3.1 Spin And Angular Momentum; 3.3.2 Conceptual Points; 3.3.3 Matrix Representation Of Spin Operators; 3.3.4 Zeeman Hamiltonian. 3.3.5 Nuclear Magnetisation3.3.6 Evolution Of The Spin Density Matrix; 3.3.7 Nmr Observables And Coherence Order; 3.3.8 Spin Relaxation; 3.3.9 Anisotropic Spin Hamiltonians And Nmr Spectra; 3.4 Mri; 3.4.1 Fourier Mri; 3.4.2 Implementation Of Fourier Imaging; 3.4.3 Image Contrast; 3.4.4 Spatial Resolution And The Snr; 3.4.5 Parameter Mapping Versus Weighted Imaging; 3.5 Conclusion; Abbreviations And Symbols; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 4 -- The Magic Angle Effect In Nmr And Mri Of Cartilage; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Basic Physics And Physical Chemistry. Editors: Yang Xia, Konstantin Momot. Includes Index. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web. Content: Part One - Introduction: Introduction to Cartilage Osmotic Properties of Cartilage Introduction to NMR and MRI The Magic Angle Effect in NMR and MRI of Cartilage Part Two - Physical Properties of Cartilage by Relaxation Anisotropy Experimental NMR and MRI Techniques for Cartilage Research: Physical Properties of Cartilage by Relaxation Anisotropy Chemical Properties of Cartilage Studied Using Charged Ions Quantification of Articular Cartilage Microstructure by the Analysis of the Diffusion Tensor Sodium and Other Exotic Methods in NMR and MRI of Cartilage Multi-Quantum Filtered NMR and MRI of Cartilage Solid-State NMR Techniques to Study the Molecular Dynamics in Cartilage Ultrashort Echo Time Imaging of Articular Cartilage Low-Field and Field-Cycling NMR and MRI of Cartilage The Influence of Specimen and Experimental Conditions on NMR and MRI of Cartilage Part Three - Biomechanical Properties of Cartilage by NMR and MRI Diffusion MRI and Poroelastic Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage Combining Multi-Modal MRI and Biomechanical Modeling to Investigate the Response of Cartilage and Chondrocytes to Mechanical Stimuli Loading-Induced Changes in Cartilage Studied by NMR and MRI Part Four- Applications and the Future of Cartilage Research by NMR and MRI The Critical Role of the Imaging Resolution in MRI of Cartilage - The MRI Microscope Multi-Component Relaxations in MRI of Cartilage Uni- and Multi-Parametric Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Cartilage Magnetic Resonance in the Assessment of Tissue Engineered Cartilage Complementary Imaging in MRI of Cartilage Quantitative MRI for Detection of Cartilage Damage Challenges for the Early Detection of Degenerative Cartilage Changes Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging In vivo in Humans Ultrahigh-Field Whole-Body MRI for Cartilage Imaging: Technical Challenges