اندازه‌گیری بیوفیزیکی در تحقیقات علوم اجتماعی تجربی: نظریه و عمل

__Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research: Theory and Practice__ demonstrates the use of biophysical measurement in laboratory-based experimental social science research and the ways biophysical measures can inform analyses of human behavior. Noting the practical limitations of laboratory-based biophysical measurement, its contributors provide hands-on guidance about biophysical measurement devices. Its Introductory and concluding chapters address ethics, measurement options, and historical and scientific contexts. Highlighting examples of device adoption in experimental social science lab settings, this book makes these tools understandable and accessible to all. Cover Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research: Theory and Practice Copyright Dedication Contributors Foreword References Acknowledgments 1 Eye Tracking as a Tool for Examining Cognitive Processes Introduction History and Measurement From Eye Tracking to Cognitive Science Examples of Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science Visual Search Reading Infant Cognition Judgment and Decision Making In-depth Example: Associative Learning Learning, Blocking, and the Role of Attention The Automatic Capture of Attention by Reward Gaze-Contingency Conclusions and Future Directions for Eye Tracking References 2 Brain Morphometry for Economists: How do Brain Volume Constraints Affect Our Choices? Introduction How is Information About Reward Value Encoded in the Brain? Theoretical Findings on the Implications of Nervous System Limitations for Value Encoding Approaches to Brain Anatomy Voxel-Based Morphometry The Links Between Gray Matter Volume and Behavior Risk Attitudes Discounting Rationality in Choice The Relevance of Brain Structure Measurements to Economics Caveats References 3 fMRI in Economics: What Functional Imaging of the Brain Can Add to Behavioral Economics Experiments Introduction Economic Theories Relevant to fMRI Technology How the Brain Works The Hemodynamic Response Excitatory Versus Inhibitory Activity The Method and Application of fMRI Technology What Have We Learned From fMRI Evidence? Subjective Value in the Brain Decision Making Under Uncertainty Loss Aversion Regret Aversion Reference Dependence Intertemporal Decision Making Social Decision Making Limitations Conclusion References 4 Skin Conductance in the Study of Politics and Communication* Introduction What Exactly is Skin Conductance? What Can We Learn From Skin Conductance? Negativity Biases in Reactions to Network News Methods Results Discussion References 5 Steroid Hormones in Social Science Research Introduction Understanding Steroid Hormones What Are Steroid Hormones? Organizational Effects of Steroid Hormones Activational Effects of Steroid Hormones How Can Steroid Hormones be Measured? Measuring the Organizational Effects of Steroid Hormones Measuring the Activational Effects of Steroid Hormones Measuring Circulating Steroid Hormone Levels Contextual Factors Affecting Steroid Hormone Measurement How Can We Use Steroid Hormones in Social Science Research? Steroid Hormones as a Reflector of Environmental Inputs Steroid Hormones Effect on Behavior Limitations of Steroid Hormone Research Complementarity With Other Research and Directions for Future Research References 6 An Interoceptive Walk Down Wall Street Introduction From Cold to Warm Rationality A Brief History of the Economic Study of Behavior The Role of Emotion Definitions and Measures of Interoception Interoceptive Ability and Financial Professionals Interoception on Wall Street Conclusion References 7 Mind, Body, Bubble! Psychological and Biophysical Dimensions of Behavior in Experimental Asset Markets Introduction The Role of the Brain-Body Nexus in Financial Decision Making The Embodied Mind Interpersonal Differences Experimental Environment Fixed Characteristics Personality Cognitive Ability Gender Transitory States Hormones Systems 1 and 2 Emotions: Induced Through Priming Emotions: Repeated Measures fMRI Discussion and Conclusion Implications for Research Implications for Our Understanding of Markets Implications for Market Design, Regulation, and Policy References 8 Opportunities and Challenges of Portable Biological, Social, and Behavioral Sensing Systems for the Social Sciences Introduction Heart Rate Variability Measurement, Emotions, and Stress Sociometers and Emotional Sense Systems Influence Mimicry Activity Level Consistency Capturing Nonverbal Dynamics: The Current Frontier Future Opportunities Toward a Better Micro-Foundation of Human Behavior Scientific Philosophy and Method From Micro to Macro References 9 Can Social Scientists Use Molecular Genetic Data to Explain Individual Differences and Inform Public Policy? Introduction Scientific Primer A Brief Review of the Development of Molecular Genetics Over the Last Century Collecting Molecular Genetic Data Social Science Research Using Genetic Data From Candidate Genes to Genome-Wide Studies Moving Beyond Association: Using Genetic Markers to Estimate Causal Effects Gene-Environment Interactions Can Genetic Research Findings Inform Public Policy? Conclusions and Future Directions References Glossary 10 Conclusion Introduction Ethical Matters Current Practice in Historical Context Frontiers Pupillometry Emotion Recognition Based on Facial Musculature or Gait Analysis Relevance of Biophysical Methods to the Future Development of Theories and Policy Recommendations References Appendix 1 Getting Started With Eye Tracking A (very) brief explanation of video-based eye tracking Choosing the eye tracking system that is right for you Types of eye movements targeted in eye tracking research Types of eye trackers Tower-Mounted Trackers Remote Trackers Head-Mounted Trackers Sampling frequency How Sampling Frequency Affects Measurement Error Sampling Frequency and Gaze Contingency What Sampling Frequency do You Need? Accuracy and precision Eye Tracker Latency Binocular versus monocular tracking Analysis software A Simple eye tracking experiment from design to data analysis Design Programming Data collection Calibration Troubleshooting Common Problems in Data Collection Data analysis Data Preprocessing Defining Areas of Interest A Simple Method for Calculating Dwell Time Summary References Appendix 2 Using Heart Rate Variability Measures in Social Science Research Introduction HRV: what type of information is provided? Heart Rate Variability Versus Heart Rate Deciding on a Measurement Approach Which Method Should you Use? Getting a Good Recording The Type of Device to Use The nature of hrv data Optimal Duration of Measurement Episodes Within- Versus Between-Individual Analysis Data Cleaning When and when not to use HRV What Type of Studies? The Cost of Using HRV Measures Necessary Sample Sizes Timelines Summary References Index Back Cover Biophysical Measurement in Experimental Social Science Research is an ideal primer for the experimental social scientist wishing to update their knowledge and skillset in the area of laboratory-based biophysical measurement. Many behavioral laboratories across the globe have acquired increasingly sophisticated biophysical measurement equipment, sometimes for particular research projects or for financial or institutional reasons. Yet the expertise required to use this technology and integrate the measures it can generate on human subjects into successful social science research endeavors is often scarce and concentrated amongst a small minority of researchers. This book aims to open the door to wider and more productive use of biophysical measurement in laboratory-based experimental social science research. Suitable for doctoral students through to established researchers, the volume presents examples of the successful integration of biophysical measures into analyses of human behavior, discussions of the academic and practical limitations of laboratory-based biophysical measurement, and hands-on guidance about how different biophysical measurement devices are used. A foreword and concluding chapters comprehensively synthesize and compare biophysical measurement options, address academic, ethical and practical matters, and address the broader historical and scientific context. Research chapters demonstrate the academic potential of biophysical measurement ranging fully across galvanic skin response, heart rate monitoring, eye tracking and direct neurological measurements. An extended Appendix showcases specific examples of device adoption in experimental social science lab settings. Demonstrates the strengths and limitations of different tools, in terms of both research objectives and practicality Provides hands-on guidance for device usage and data integration and assessment Compares and contrasts the use of different biophysical data options for different research objectives and in different disciplines