Biophysical and Chemical Properties of Collagen: Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering

Biophysical and Chemical Properties of Collagen: Biomedical Applications provides an introduction to the biophysics and chemistry of collagen and its use as a biomedical material in the rapidly changing fields of biomedical device production, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Written by experts in the field, this text will be of interest for researchers as well as lecturers and students. PRELIMS.pdf Preface Acknowledgments Author biographies John A M Ramshaw Veronica Glattauer Abbreviations Disclaimer CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 The structure of collagen 2.1 Composition 2.2 X-ray diffraction studies 2.2.1 Fibre diffraction 2.2.2 Peptide diffraction 2.2.3 Hydrogen bonding 2.2.4 Hydration 2.2.5 The role of hydroxyproline 2.3 Different collagen types 2.4 Other proteins with a triple-helix 2.4.1 Animal proteins 2.4.2 Bacterial collagens 2.5 Protein sequences References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Biosynthesis and biodegradation of collagen 3.1 Biosynthetic pathway 3.2 Selected secondary modification enzymes in collagen biosynthesis 3.2.1 Prolyl hydroxylase 3.2.2 Lysyl hydroxylase 3.2.3 Lysyl oxidase 3.3 Degradation of collagen in tissues References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Collagen assemblies 4.1 Ordered collagen structures 4.1.1 Interstitial collagen fibrils 4.1.2 Other ordered structures for interstitial collagens 4.1.3 Ordered structures for other collagen types 4.2 Fibrillogenesis 4.2.1 Interstitial collagen fibril formation 4.2.2 Regulation of collagen fibril formation 4.2.3 Heterotypic collagen fibrils 4.2.4 Interstitial collagen fibril growth 4.2.5 Crimp in collagen fibrils References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Tissue arrangement 5.1 Formation of new tissue 5.2 Native crosslinking 5.2.1 Enzyme-initiated crosslinking 5.2.2 Non-enzymatic crosslinking 5.3 Examples of tissue structure 5.3.1 Tissue organisation in tendon and ligament 5.3.2 Tissue organisation in cornea 5.3.3 Tissue organisation in skin 5.3.4 Tissue organisation in other tissues 5.4 Mineralisation 5.5 Mechanical properties 5.5.1 Soft tissues 5.5.2 The effect of mineralisation References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Collagen stability 6.1 Molecular stability 6.1.1 Individual soluble collagen molecule stability 6.1.2 Tissue collagen stability 6.2 Solvent effects on stability 6.3 Peptide models to study stability 6.3.1 Polypeptide models 6.3.2 Defined peptide models 6.3.3 Effects of solvents on peptide models 6.4 Other uses for peptide models 6.4.1 Synthetic peptide model designs References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Interactions 7.1 Describing interactions with other molecules 7.1.1 Collagen network plots 7.1.2 Collagen interactome maps 7.2 Interactions with other collagens 7.3 Interactions with proteoglycans 7.3.1 Heparin and heparan sulfate glycan chains 7.3.2 Interactions with other proteoglycans 7.4 Interaction with globular proteins 7.4.1 Signalling molecules 7.4.2 Protease sites 7.4.3 Other interaction sites 7.5 Interactions with the immune system 7.5.1 Responses to collagen-based products 7.6 Antibodies to collagens as biochemical reagents 7.6.1 Polyclonal antibodies 7.6.2 Monoclonal antibodies 7.6.3 Defining epitopes References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Production of tissue-derived collagens 8.1 Tissue and fibrous collagen 8.2 Acellular matrix 8.3 Soluble collagens 8.3.1 Extraction of soluble collagen 8.3.2 Extraction of acid soluble collagen 8.3.3 Neutral salt soluble collagen 8.3.4 Increasing soluble collagen yield 8.3.5 Extraction of soluble collagen by tissue digestion 8.3.6 Sources for specific collagen types 8.4 Production of collagen in cell culture 8.5 Fractionation of soluble collagens 8.6 Further purification of soluble collagens 8.6.1 Ion exchange chromatography 8.6.2 Gel permeation chromatography 8.6.3 Affinity chromatography 8.6.4 Other approaches References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Production of recombinant collagens 9.1 Recombinant animal collagen production 9.1.1 Bacterial expression 9.1.2 Animal cell expression 9.1.3 Yeast expression 9.1.4 Transgenic expression 9.1.5 Purification and quality 9.2 Recombinant bacterial collagen production 9.3 Recombinant ‘bioengineered’ adaptations to collagen structures 9.3.1 Adaptations to animal collagens 9.3.2 Adaptations to bacterial collagens 9.4 Recombinant chimeric fusion proteins 9.5 De novo designed structures References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 Evaluation of the quality of collagen preparations 10.1 Collagen quantitation 10.2 Solution properties 10.3 Electrophoretic methods 10.4 Optical methods 10.4.1 UV and visible spectroscopy 10.4.2 IR spectroscopy 10.4.3 CD and ORD spectroscopy 10.4.4 Microscopy 10.4.5 Refractive index 10.5 Biophysical methods 10.5.1 Calorimetry 10.5.2 Other methods References CH011.pdf Chapter 11 Fabrication of biomedical products 11.1 Gels and hydrogels 11.2 Foams and sponges 11.2.1 Foams 11.2.2 Sponges 11.2.3 Measurement of pore size and porosity 11.3 Reconstituted fibres 11.3.1 Wet spinning 11.3.2 Electrospinning 11.3.3 Printing 11.4 Films and membranes 11.5 Beads and particles 11.5.1 Using purified, soluble collagen 11.5.2 Using collagen fibre dispersions 11.5.3 Using collagen tissue 11.6 Fibrous capsule materials 11.6.1 Biosynthetic materials 11.7 Other technologies 11.7.1 Ionic liquids 11.7.2 Alignment technologies 11.8 Sterilisation 11.8.1 Physical approaches including irradiation 11.8.2 Chemical and other approaches 11.8.3 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy References CH012.pdf Chapter 12 Chemical modifications 12.1 Chemical crosslinking methods 12.1.1 Aldehyde-based crosslinks 12.1.2 Other crosslink approaches 12.1.3 Introducing zero-length crosslinks 12.2 Physical crosslinking 12.2.1 Direct, non-catalysed reactions 12.2.2 Catalysed reactions 12.3 Assessing the effectiveness of crosslinking 12.3.1 Physical methods 12.3.2 Chemical and biological methods 12.4 Site-specific chemical modifications 12.4.1 Additional reactions with amino groups 12.4.2 Reactions with other functional groups References CH013.pdf Chapter 13 Applications for intact tissue collagen 13.1 Stabilised tissues 13.1.1 Intestine 13.1.2 Amnion 13.1.3 Pericardium 13.1.4 Heart valve 13.1.5 Issues with calcification of tissue-based devices 13.1.6 Other tissues 13.2 Acellular matrix References CH014.pdf Chapter 14 Applications for purified collagen 14.1 Gels and hydrogels 14.1.1 Tissue augmentation 14.1.2 Dermal repair 14.1.3 Ophthalmic uses 14.1.4 Other uses of gels 14.1.5 Hydrogels 14.2 Foams and sponges 14.2.1 Dermal wound repair 14.2.2 Haemostats 14.2.3 Orthopaedic applications 14.2.4 Other applications 14.3 Films and membranes 14.3.1 Periodontal treatment 14.3.2 Adhesion control 14.3.3 Nerve repair 14.3.4 Other examples 14.4 Beads and particles 14.5 Reconstituted fibres References CH015.pdf Chapter 15 Applications of biosynthetic materials 15.1 Vascular devices 15.1.1 Background technologies 15.1.2 Biosynthetic vascular device 15.1.3 Explant analyses 15.2 Hernia, ligament and other options References CH016.pdf Chapter 16 Collagen applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 16.1 Fabricated collagen as a supporting structure 16.1.1 Musculoskeletal and associated tissues 16.1.2 Cardiovascular tissues 16.1.3 Other tissues 16.2 ACM as a supporting structure 16.2.1 Bladder and urologic tissues 16.2.2 Other tissues 16.2.3 Organ replacements References CH017.pdf Chapter 17 Coating of biomedical materials with collagen 17.1 Coating of synthetic polymers 17.1.1 Plasma modification prior to collagen coating 17.1.2 Chemical modification of surfaces 17.1.3 Layer-by-layer coating 17.2 Collagen on metals and inorganic materials 17.2.1 Metallic surfaces 17.2.2 Ceramic surfaces References CH018.pdf Chapter 18 Composites of collagen with other materials 18.1 Composites with other biopolymers 18.1.1 Proteins 18.1.2 Carbohydrates 18.2 Composites with synthetic polymers 18.2.1 Hydrogel and related composites 18.2.2 Two phase systems 18.3 Composites with inorganic materials 18.3.1 Hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate phases 18.3.2 Other inorganic materials 18.4 Composites with bioactive entities 18.4.1 Growth factors 18.4.2 Delivery of drugs, including antibiotics References CH019.pdf Chapter 19 Concluding remarks References Collagen has proved to be a safe and effective biomedical material. Clinicians have used collagen-based devices in a wide range of applications with successful patient outcomes. This book gives an understanding of how present devices work, how they could be improved, and the development of new devices where a knowledge of collagen structure, chemistry and biology is required. The purification of collagen materials and the fabrication of a range of collagen products and their applications are covered within. Written by experts in the field, this text will be of interest for researchers as well as lecturers and students.