ژنتیک بیومتریک: تحلیل تنوع کمی

BIOMETRICAL GENETICS: Analysis of Quantitative Variation describes the genetic analyses for working out the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. The book provides brief description of both univariate and multivariate statistics. The genetic analyses include study of basic generations and the use of multiple mating designs such as BIPs, NC1, NC2, Diallel, NC3 and TTC. Variation arising due to linkage, epistasis, environment, maternal effect and sex linkage are also described. Models of G x E interaction and competition and biometrical genetics of polyploids and haploid are discussed in detail. Biometrical genetics of heterosis and inbreeding depression and the method for calculation of inbreeding coefficient are given. Methods for estimation of heritability and number of effective factors are completely described. H-W equilibrium and the evolutionary forces are described in detail. Selection theory including path coefficient analysis is fully described. QTL analysis and models for estimating genetic parameters are also fully described. This book also includes a chapter on matrix and biometrical problems which will help in carrying out practical in this course.This book will be helpful to undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as teachers and researchers in the field of quantitative genetics and practical plant breeding. 1. Genes, Chromosomes And Characters -- 1.1. The Gene -- 1.2. Biochemistry Of The Gene -- 1.3. Chromosomes -- 1.4. Characters -- 1.5. Protein Synthesis -- References -- 2. Analysis Of Qualitative Traits -- 2.1. Gene Action And Interaction -- 2.1.1. Dominance -- 2.1.2. Overdominance -- 2.1.3. Co-dominance -- 2.1.4. Multiple Alleles -- 2.1.5. Epistasis Or Non-allelic Interaction -- 2.2. Application Of Laws Of Probability -- 2.2.1. Application To Cases Of Two Or More Genes -- 2.2.2. Types Of Probability -- 2.2.3. Binomial Probability -- 2.2.4. Multinomial Probability -- 2.3. Test Of Goodness Of Fit -- 2.3.1. Two Factor Segregation -- 2.3.2. Test Of Heterogeneity Of Families -- 2.3.3. Testing Of Independence -- 2.4. Experimental Size -- 2.4.1. Distinction Between Two Hypotheses -- 2.5. Linkage And Pleiotrophy -- 2.5.1. Detection Of Linkage -- 2.5.2. Estimation Of Recombination Frequency -- 2.5.3. Efficiency Of Different Types Of Families --^ 2.5.4. Factors Affecting The Recombination Frequency -- 2.5.5. Pleiotropy -- 2.6. Extra Chromosomal Inheritance -- 2.6.1. Criterion For Extra-chromosomal Inheritance -- 2.6.2. Cell Organelles -- 2.7. Sex-determination -- 2.8. Expression Of Qualitative Gene(s) -- 2.8.1. Penetrance And Expressivity -- 2.9. Estimation Of Gene Frequency -- 2.9.1. Incomplete Dominance -- 2.9.2. Multiple Alleles -- 2.10. Estimation Of Genetic Diversity -- References -- 3. Analysis Of Quantitative Traits -- 3.1. Theories Of Quantitative Variability -- 3.2. Description Of Normal Distribution Curve -- 3.2.1. Mean -- 3.2.2. Mode And Median -- 3.2.3. Variance And Covariance -- 3.2.4. Range -- 3.2.5. Skewness And Kurtosis -- 3.3. Threshold Variability -- 3.4. Meristic Variability -- 3.5. Poisson Distribution -- 3.6. Modifications Of Binomial And Poisson Distributions -- 3.6.1. Gamma Distribution -- 3.6.2. Hypergeometric Distribution -- 3.7. Biomodal And Multimodal Distributions -- References --^ 4. Statistical Estimations, Tests, Models And Designs -- 4.1. Estimation And Inference -- 4.1.1. Methods Of Estimation -- 4.2. Test Of Significance -- 4.2.1. Chi-square Test -- 4.2.2. F-test -- 4.2.3. The T-test -- 4.2.4. Z-distribution -- 4.2.5. Relationship Between Different Distributions -- 4.2.6. Non-central Chi-square -- 4.2.7. Non-central F -- 4.3. Statistical Models And Expectation Of Mean Squares -- 4.3.1. Fixed Model -- 4.3.2. Random Model -- 4.3.3. Mixed Model -- 4.4. Experimental Designs And Calculation Of Mean Squares -- 4.4.1. Randomized Complete Block Design (rbd) -- 4.4.2. Nested Design -- 4.4.3. Cross-classified Design -- 4.4.4. Factorial Experiment -- 4.4.5. Analysis Of Co-variance -- 4.5. Correlation And Regression Analysis -- 4.5.1. Correlation Coefficient -- 4.5.2. Regression Analysis -- 4.5.3. Joint Regression Analysis -- 4.5.4. Multiple Regression -- 4.5.5. Partial Correlation And Regression -- 4.5.6. Multiple Correlation -- 4.6. Orthogonal Polynomial --^ 4.7. Non-parametric Statistics -- 4.8. Multivariate Analysis -- 4.8.1. Principal Component Analysis -- 4.8.2. Factor Analysis -- 4.8.3. Canonical Analysis -- 4.8.4. Discrimination And Classification -- 4.8.5. Principal Co-ordinate Analysis -- 4.9. Growth Curves -- 4.9.1. Competition -- References -- 5. Analysis Of Means -- 5.1. Scaling Tests -- 5.2. Estimation Of Parameters -- 5.3. Epistasis Or Non-allelic Interaction -- 5.4. Estimation Of Coefficient Of Dispersion -- 5.5. Concept Of Average Effect Of Gene -- 5.6. Other Models Of Estimation Of Genetic Effects -- 5.7. Detection Of Epistasis By Other Methods -- References 12.6. Triploids -- 12.7. Haploids -- 12.7.1. Production Of Haploids -- 12.7.2. Identification Of Haploids -- 12.7.3. Advantages And Disadvantages -- 12.7.4. Biometrical Genetics Of Haploids -- 12.8. Doubled Haploids -- 12.8.1. Analysis Of Means -- 12.8.2. Analysis Of Variances -- 12.8.3. Estimation Of Additive And Additive Additive Interaction Variances -- 12.8.4. Estimation Of Dominance Variance And The Degree Of Dominance -- 12.8.5. Linkage Disequilibrium -- 12.8.6. Estimation Of Recombination Value -- 12.8.7. Skewness And Kurtosis -- 12.8.8. Estimation Of Number Of Effective Factors -- 12.8.9. Covariances/correlation -- 12.8.10. Generation Of Deriving Dh Lines -- 12.8.11. Efficiency Of Dh Method -- References -- 13. Competition -- 13.1. Definition And Types -- 13.2. Yield-density Relationship -- 13.3. Mixture Diallels -- 13.4. Intergenotypic Competition -- 13.4.1. Estimation Of A, Bm And Bd -- 13.4.2. Partitioning Of C-values --^ 13.5. Nature Of The Underlying Genetical Control Of Competition And Competitive Ability -- 13.6. Competition In Natural Population -- 13.7. Estimation Of Outcrossing Rate -- 13.8. Detection Of Competition -- References -- 14. Environmental Variation -- 14.1. Definition And Types -- 14.2. Estimation Of Environmental Variation -- 14.3. Individual Plant Randomization -- 14.4. Sampling Variation -- 14.5. Other Experimental Designs -- 14.6. Estimation Of Experimental Error -- 14.7. Augmented Design -- 14.8. Environmental Covariance -- References -- 15. Heritability -- 15.1. Definition And Types -- 15.2. Heritability A Characteristic Of Population -- 15.3. Estimates Of Heritability -- 15.4. Effect Of G [×] E Interaction -- 15.5. Uses Of Estimates Of Heritability -- 15.6. Changing Estimates Of Heritability -- 15.7. Problems In Use Of Estimate Of Heritability -- References -- 16. Estimation Of The Number Of Effective Factors -- 16.1. Approaches To Estimation Of Number Of Genes --^ 16.2. Chromosome Assay -- 16.3. Statistical Properties Of Distribution -- 16.4. Estimate Of K Using Dominance Genetic Effect And Dominance Genetic Variance -- 16.5. Use Of F2 Derived Generation Variances -- 16.6. Estimation Of Number Of Effective Factors In Random Mating Population -- 16.7. Genotype Assay -- 16.7.1. Theory -- 16.8. Use Of Dihaploids In The Estimation Of Number Of Genes -- 16.8.1. Use Of Range And Genetical Variance Of An F1, F2 Derived Dh Populations -- 16.8.2. Use Of Variances Of F2-derived Population -- 16.8.3. Genotype Assay -- 16.9. Estimation Of The Number Of Effective Factors In Haploids -- 16.10. Method For Locating Genes -- References -- 17. Analysis Of Skewness And Kurtosis -- 17.1. Genetical Causes Of Skewness And Kurtosis -- 17.2. Information On Gene Action And Interaction -- 17.3. Estimation Of Coefficients Of Skewness And Kurtosis In Population Of Pure Breeding Lines --^ 17.4. Effects Of Random Environmental Variation And Genotype Environment Interaction -- 17.5. Estimation Of Skewness And Kurtosis In Dihaploid Population -- 17.6. Effect Of Skewness On Selection -- References -- 18. Transformation Of Scale -- 18.1. Tests Of Non-normality -- 18.2. Relation Of Variability To Mean -- 18.3. Scale Effect -- 18.4. Variance Stabilizing Transformation -- 18.5. Poisson Distribution -- 18.6. Binomial Distribution -- References -- 19. Genetic Structure Of Population -- 19.1. The Hardy-weinberg Equilibrium -- 19.1.1. Testing Goodness Of Fit -- 19.1.2. Extension Of H. W. Equilibrium To Cases Of Multiple Alleles, Sex-linked Genes And Polygenic Inheritance -- 19.1.3. Sex-linked Loci -- 19.1.4. Polygenic Traits -- 19.2. Changes In Gene Frequency -- 19.2.1. Effects Of Non-random Mating -- 19.2.2. Self-fertilization -- 19.2.3. Sib Mating -- 19.2.4. Assortative Mating -- 19.2.5. Negative Assortative Mating -- 19.3. Mutation --^ 19.3.1. Balance Between Mutation And Selection -- 19.4. Selection -- 19.4.1. Complete Elimination Of Recessive Homozygotes -- 19.4.2. Balance Between Selection And Inbreeding -- 19.5. Competitive Selection -- 19.6. Migration -- 19.6.1. Balance Between Selection And Migration -- 19.6.2. Models For Studying The Population Structure -- 19.7. Drift -- 19.7.1. Effective Population Size -- 19.7.2. Random Genetic Drift In Natural Populations -- 19.8. The Founder Principle -- 19.9. Gametic Selection -- 19.10. Meiotic Drive -- 19.11. Genetic Load -- 19.11.1. Segregational Load -- 19.11.2. Mutational Load -- References -- 20. Selection Theory -- 20.1. Response To Selection -- 20.1.1. Selection Differential -- 20.1.2. Response Due To Selection In Tetraploid -- 20.2. Correlated Response -- 20.3. Path Analysis -- 20.3.1. Determination Of Residual Variability -- 20.3.2. Path Coefficient Vs Correlation Coefficient -- 20.3.3. Application Of Path Analysis -- 20.4. Yield And Yield Components --^ 20.5. Types Of Selection -- 20.5.1. Efficiency Of Different Methods -- 20.5.2. Combined Selection -- 20.6. Selection Criterion -- 20.6.1. Single Trait Selection -- 20.6.2. Multitrait Selection -- 20.7. Comparison Of Efficiency Of Different Methods -- 20.8. Selection Limit -- 20.9. Natural Selection -- 20.9.1. Stabilizing Selection -- 20.9.2. Directional Selection -- 20.9.3. Disruptive Selection -- References -- 21. Qtl Analysis -- 21.1. Qtl Analysis -- 21.1.1. Linkage Between Qtl And Molecular Marker -- 21.1.2. Mapping Methods -- 21.2. Models For Estimating Genetic Effects Of Qtl -- 21.3. Mapping Populations -- 21.4. Population Size -- 21.5. Experimental Design -- 21.6. Mapping In Polyploids -- 21.6.1. Methods Of Linkage Analysis -- 21.7. Genetic Mapping -- 21.8. Information From Qtl Mapping -- 21.9. Comparative Mapping And Orthologous Poly Genes -- 21.10. Identification Of Links Between Genotype And Phenotype -- References -- 22. Matrix -- 22.1. Definition And Types --^ 22.2. Matrix Operations -- 22.3. Dispersion Matrix -- 22.4. Orthogonal Matrix -- 22.5. Diagonalization Of Matrix -- References -- 23. Problems In Biometrical Genetics. Darbeshwar Roy. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Biometrical Analysis of Quantitative Variation describes the genetic analyses for working out the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Providing an elementary outline for study, the book offers a brief description of both univariate and multivariate statistics. The genetic analyses include study of basic generations and the use of multiple mating designs such as BIPs, NC1, NC2, Diallel, NC3 and TTC. Variation arising due to linkage, epistasis, environment, maternal effect and sex linkage are also described in detail. Models of G x E interaction and competition and biometrical genetics of polyploids and haploid are discussed as well as biometrical genetics of heterosis and inbreeding depression and the method for calculation of inbreeding coefficient. Methods for estimation of heritability and number of effective factors, selection theory including path coefficient analysis and QTL analysis and models for estimating genetic parameters are all explained in entirety. H-W equilibrium and the evolutionary forces are also described in detail. This book also includes a chapter on matrix and biometrical problems which will support the carrying-out of practicals in this course. This book will be accomodating to undergraduate and post-graduate students, as well as teachers and researchers in the field of quantitative genetics and practical plant breeding. Table of Contents Genes, Chromosomes and Characters Analysis of Qualitative Traits Analysis of Quantitative Traits Statistical Estimations, Tests, Models and Designs Analysis of Means Analysis of Variance and Covariance Diallel Analyses Genotype Environment Interaction Analysis of Reciprocal Differences Linkage and Epistasis Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression Polyploids and Haploids Competition Environmental Variation Heritability Estimation of the Number of Effective Factors Analysis of Skewness and Kurtosis Transformation of Scale Genetic Structure of Population Selection Theory QTL Analysis Matrix Problems in Biometrical Genetics Index.