Biomechanics, principles and applications : selected proceedings of the 3rd General Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 21-23 January 1982

Biomechanics as a scientific activity is not new. Already involved (or so it is said) in its practice were Aristotle (384-327 BC) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Recently, however, it has become fashionable as a separate field, as witnessed by the existence of a Journal of Biomechanics (1968), an Interna­ tional (1973), a European (1976) and an American (1977) Society of Biomechanics, and an amount of (usually recently erected) Biomechanics Laboratories at Uni­ versities or other institutions throughout the world. If one or~anises a Con­ ference on Biomechanics, a relatively large number of scientists leave their cubicles or workshops to visit the place of worship. It becomes quickly evident, however, that such a forum for scientific communication is far from being homo­ geneous. All are not of the same believe, and the variety in professional inte­ rests almost parallels the number of attendants. "Biomechanics, the science of applying methods and principles of Mechanics to biological tissues and medical problems" is a definition which, in one form or another, has found wide acceptance among biomecanicians. Nevertheless, Bio­ mechanics is interwoven and thus often confused with other scientific endeavors. It is colored differently by its many fields of application (e. g. Orthopaedic and Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Dentistry, Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine, Injury Prevention, Sports and others), and the backgrounds of its disciplina­ ries. It partly overlaps sciences as Biomaterials, Medical Physics and Biophy­ sics, Physiology, and Functional Anatomy. Front Matter....Pages i-xi Front Matter....Pages xiii-xiii Perspectives in Measurements and Modeling of Musculoskeletal Joint Dynamics....Pages 1-18 Perspectives in Biomechanics Applied to Sport and Physical Education....Pages 19-30 Perspectives in Human-Joint Kinematics....Pages 31-45 Advanced Theoretical and Experimental Techniques in Cartilage Research....Pages 47-74 Bone as a Mechanical Structure....Pages 75-85 Bioengineering Considerations in the Use of Major Bone and Joint Prostheses 32 Years Experience....Pages 87-94 Perspectives of Soft Tissue Mechanics....Pages 95-114 Pressure-Flow Relations of Arterial System and Heart....Pages 115-126 Front Matter....Pages 127-127 Simu — An Interactive Computer Graphics Simulation of Human Gait....Pages 129-134 Standardization of Gait Kinematic Data Using a Gait Symmetry Index and Fourier Analysis....Pages 135-140 Spinal Loading during Abnormal Walking....Pages 141-148 Afferent Contributions to Postural Tasks....Pages 149-154 Moment and Work of the Calf Muscles in Walking....Pages 155-160 In-Vivo Investigations on the Mechanical Function of the Tractus Iliotibialis....Pages 161-167 Optimal Initial Conditions for the Eastern Roll High Jump....Pages 169-174 Front Matter....Pages 175-175 The Application of Roentgenstereophotogrammetry for Evaluation of Knee-Joint Kinematics in Vitro....Pages 177-184 The Displacement of the Bony Insertion Sites of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament during the Flexion of the Knee....Pages 185-190 Biomechanical Behaviour of the Human Tarsus Related with a New Radiological Index....Pages 191-196 Measurements of Twodimensional Pressure Distributions and Contact Areas of a Joint Using a Pressure Sensitive Foil....Pages 197-203 Lumbar Spine Stability as Determined by the Axial Twist....Pages 205-210 Front Matter....Pages 211-211 A Dynamic Model for a Healing Fractured Tibia....Pages 213-218 Deformational Behaviour of Tibio-Fibular Frames: The Influence of Anatomic Variables....Pages 219-226 Influence of Age on Bone Strength in Rats....Pages 227-232 Holographic Study of the Stresses in the Normal Pelvis with Particular Reference to the Movement of the Sacrum....Pages 233-239 In Vivo Intracortical Loading Histories Calculated from Bone Strain Telemetry....Pages 241-245 Fracture Mechanics of Cortical Bone....Pages 247-251 A Composite Model of Cortical Bone for the Prediction of Crack Propagation....Pages 253-260 Structural and Biomechanical Analysis of Osteonic Compact Bone: A New Method....Pages 261-266 The Influence of Immobilization on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bone....Pages 267-272 Front Matter....Pages 273-273 The Mechanical Performance of Solid and Porous Bone Cement....Pages 275-282 Stress Analysis in Ceramic Hip-Joints Heads of Various Shape and Fitting....Pages 283-290 Dimensions of the Femoral Condyles....Pages 291-297 Micromovement of the Tibial Component in Successful Knee Arthroplasty, Studied by Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry....Pages 299-304 Stress Analysis in Artificial Knee Joints with Fixed and Movable Axis Using the Finite Element Method....Pages 305-312 Quasi Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses and Experimental Investigation of the Tibial Part of Knee Endo-Prostheses with Intramedullary Stems....Pages 313-318 Stress Distributions in Fractures Generated by Bone Plates....Pages 319-324 Biomechanical and Mathematical Investigations Concerning Stress Protection of Bone Beneath Internal Fixation Plates....Pages 325-330 Dynamic Fracture Loading During Gait in a Cast-Brace: A Clinical and Biomechanical Study....Pages 331-336 Front Matter....Pages 337-337 Wave Structure in the Aorta with Initial Axial Tension....Pages 339-343 Nonlinear Wave Propagation in the Aorta with Initial Loading....Pages 345-352 Front Matter....Pages 337-337 Transient Haemorheology, Application to Cardiovascular Diseases....Pages 353-357 Spectrum Analysis of Turbulence in the Aorta....Pages 359-366 Cardiac Wall Mechanics and Torsion of the Left Ventricle during Ejection....Pages 367-371 Mechanical Properties of Collapsible Tubes and Propagation of Large Amplitude Waves....Pages 373-379 Propagation and Reflection Characteristics of the Human Aorta....Pages 381-386 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Tendon Forces Balancing a Force on the Fingertip....Pages 389-396 Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry and Metallic Implants Applied to Patients with Craniofacial Anomalies....Pages 397-401 Biomechanical Analysis of the Deformation of the Lower Uterus During Labour....Pages 403-409 The Angular Distribution Function of the Elastic Fibres in the Skin as Estimated from in Vivo Measurements....Pages 411-418 Rheology of Digital Flexor Tendons of the Horse....Pages 419-424 Biomechanical and Biomedical Features of Human Sclera....Pages 425-432 Intraocular Dynamics of the Aphakic Eye....Pages 433-438 Principal Characteristics of the Stress Distributions in the Jaw Caused by Dental Implants....Pages 439-444 The Mechanics of Retraction Components Used in Fixed Appliance Therapy....Pages 445-450 A Mechanical Investigation to the Functioning of Mouthguards....Pages 451-458