Biomechanics of the Spine

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Contributors About the Editors Foreword by Jeffrey Lotz Foreword by Margareta Nordin Section 1: The Human Spine Chapter 1: The Spine: Its Evolution, Function, and Shape Abstract The Evolution of the Spine Comparative Spinal Anatomy in Vertebrates The Upright Position Functions of the Spine The Human Spine Chapter 2: The Cervical Spine Abstract Anatomy/Physiology Biomechanics Numerical Simulation Chapter 3: Basic Biomechanics of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage Abstract Functional Anatomy Quantitative Anatomy of the Thoracic Vertebrae Thoracic Facet Orientations Morphology of the Thoracic Intervertebral Discs Thoracic Spinal Ligaments Costovertebral and Costotransversal Joints Morphology of the Rib Cage Thoracic Spinal Range of Motion and Neutral Zone Kinematics of the Thoracic Spinal Motion Segment Coupled Motions of the Thoracic Spine Loads Acting on the Thoracic Spine Stability of the Thoracic Spine Effect of the Rib Cage on the Thoracic Spine Numerical Models of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage Chapter 4: Basic Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine Abstract Anatomy and Physiology Lumbar Spinal Motion Rotatory Parameters Height Decrease From Compression Instantaneous Center of Rotation/Centrodes Helical Axes Loading of the Lumbar Spine Section 2: Biomechanics of Spinal Tissues Chapter 5: The Vertebral Bone Abstract Acknowledgments The Hierarchical Structure of the Vertebral Bone Bone Remodeling Mechanical Behavior of the Vertebral Bone Computational Models of the Vertebral Bone Chapter 6: Intervertebral Disc Abstract Introduction Biological and Molecular Characteristics of the Intervertebral Disc From Tissue Composition to Biomechanical Properties Future Directions and Conclusive Remarks Chapter 7: The Mechanical Role of Collagen Fibers in the Intervertebral Disc Abstract Acknowledgments Collagen Multiscale Systems and Their Mechanical Function in the Intervertebral Disc Collagen Types in the Intervertebral Disc Numerical Modeling of the Collagen Fibers in the IVD (Heterogeneous Models) Chapter 8: Vertebral Endplates Abstract Acknowledgments Endplates Forces Acting on the Endplates Endplate Structure and How It Is Integrated With Its Surroundings Cartilaginous Endplate Annulus-Endplate Junction Nucleus-Endplate Integration Failure of the Endplates Vertebral Fracture Annulus-Endplate Junction Failure Nucleus-Endplate Junction Chapter 9: Spinal Muscles Abstract Introduction Physiology Anatomy Modeling Conclusion Section 3: Methods Chapter 10: In Vivo Studies: Spinal Imaging Abstract Imaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Disorders Imaging Modalities—Basics and Historical Perspective Spinal Morphology Spinal Motion Spinal Deformities Imaging of the Intervertebral Disc Chapter 11: In Vivo Measurements: Motion Analysis Abstract Introduction Optoelectronic Systems Spine Protocols Clinical Applications of Motion Analysis Wearable Sensors Chapter 12: In Vitro Testing of Cadaveric Specimens Abstract Introduction Specimens Loading Protocols Spine Testers Measurement of the Intradiscal Pressure and Stress Cyclic Loading Fluid Flow and Time-Dependent Response Chapter 13: Standard Testing Abstract Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Standard Testing Overview of Current Available Standards for Testing Spinal Devices Study Cases Conclusions/Future Trends Chapter 14: Mathematical and Finite Element Modeling Abstract Historical Perspective The Role of the Finite Element Method in Biomechanics The Finite Element Method Creating a Finite Element Model Verification and Validation Structural Numerical Models of the Spine Multiphysical Numerical Models Chapter 15: Musculoskeletal Modeling Abstract The Musculoskeletal Modeling Approach Modeling Software Modeling the Spine in Physiological Conditions Modeling the Spine in Pathological Scenarios Chapter 16: Animal Models for Spine Biomechanics Abstract Why Use Animal Models? Spinal Loads Spinal Flexibility and Range of Motion Structural and Biological Differences Between Humans and Common Animal Models Disc Anatomy Vertebral Body Anatomy Nature of the Nucleus-Chondrodystrophoid Human (or Ovine, Bovine) Versus Non-Chondrodystrophoid (Pigs, Rodents, Some Dogs) Biological Composition Animal Models of Spine Deformities and Degenerative Process Section 4: Spinal Disorders and Spine Surgery Degenerative Disorders Chapter 17: Fixation and Fusion Abstract Introduction Spinal Fixation With Pedicle Screws Posterolateral Fusion (PLF) in Thoracolumbar Spine Interbody Thoracolumbar Fusion Interbody Cervical Fusion Conclusion Chapter 18: Motion Preservation Abstract Rationale for Motion Preservation Surgery Cervical Artificial Discs Lumbar Artificial Discs Pedicle-Anchored Lumbar Dynamic Stabilization Other Motion-Preserving Devices Spinal Deformities Chapter 19: Scoliosis Abstract Overview Chapter 20: Neuromuscular Disorders Abstract Introduction Neuromuscular Scoliosis Parkinson’s Disease Surgical Treatment Chapter 21: Sagittal Imbalance Abstract The Global Alignment and the Spino-Pelvic Parameters Aging and Pathological Changes in the Sagittal Alignment and Compensatory Mechanisms Surgical Treatment of Sagittal Imbalance Vertebral Osteotomies Biomechanical Studies of Sagittal Imbalance and Realignment Trauma and Tumors Chapter 22: Biomechanics of Vertebral Fractures and Their Treatment Abstract Acknowledgments Introduction Injury Mechanisms Diagnostic Imaging Spinal Fracture Classification Treatment Principles and Biomechanics of Spinal Fracture Stabilization Chapter 23: Spine Tumors Abstract Tumors Involving the Spine Vertebral Lesions Imaging of Spinal Tumors Fracture Mechanisms Fracture Risk Prediction Experimental Testing of Neoplastic Spines Glossary of Spine Biomechanics Index