Biomaterials

As biomaterials are used in medical devices, meeting needs in such diverse surgical disciplines as ophthalmology, cardiology, neuromuscular surgery, orthopaedics, dentistry, etc., they must have intimate contact with patient's tissue or body fluids, providing a real physical interface which seriously restricts developments. This book is written for those who would like to advance their knowledge of biomaterials. The subject matter of the book is divided into twelve chapters dealing with the structure and relationship of biological and man-made biomaterials. The application of these materials for various medical devices, and recent developments in tissue engineering, are also discussed. Machine generated contents note: 1. Overview of Biomaterials 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical developments 2 1.3 Construction materials 2 1.4 Impact of biomaterials 6 1.5 Strength of biological tissues 8 1.6 Performance of implants 8 1.7 Tissue response to implants 8 1.8 Interfacial phenomena 9 1.9 Safety and efficacy testing 11 1.10 Summary 11 2. Structure and Properties of Materials 2.1 Atomic and molecular bonds 12 2.2 Crystal structure of solids 12 2.3 Phase changes 15 2.4 Crystal imperfections 15 2.5 Noncrystalline solids 18 2.6 Surface properties 19 2.7 Mechanical properties of materials 21 2.8 Thermal treatments 23 2.9 Surface improvements 23 2.10 Sterilization 23 2.11 Summary 24 3. Metals 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Stainless steels 26 3.3 Cobalt-Chromium alloys 28 3.4 Titanium based alloys 30 3.5 Nitinol 32 3.6 Other metals 33 3.7 Metallic corrosion 33 3.8 Biological tolerance of implant metals 36 3.9 Summary 38 4. Ceramics 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Carbons 39 4.3 Alumina 41 4.4 Yttria stabilized zirconia 43 4.5 Surface reactive ceramics 44 4.6 Resorbable ceramics 46 4.7 Composites 47 4.8 Analysis of ceramic surfaces 48 4.9 Summary 50 5. Synthetic Polymers 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Polymers in biomedical use 56 5.3 Polyethylene and polypropylene 59 5.4 Perfluorinated polymers 60 5.5 Acrylic polymers 61 5.6 Hydrogels 63 5.7 Polyurethanes 64 5.8 Polyamides 65 5.9 Biodegradable synthetic polymers 66 5.10 Silicone rubber 68 5.11 Plasma polymerization 70 5.12 Microorganisms in polymeric implants 70 5.13 Polymer sterilization 70 5.14 Summary 71 6. Biopolymers 6.1 Introduction 72 6.2 Collagens 72 6.3 Elastin 80 6.4 Mucopolysaccharides 81 6.5 Proteoglycans 82 6.6 Cellulose and derivatives 87 6.7 Chitin 89 6.8 Other polysaccharides 90 6.9 Summary 91 7. Tissues Grafts 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 Blood 93 7.3 Tissue grafts and rejection processes 99 7.4 Skin 102 7.5 Skin grafts 106 7.6 Connective tissue grafts 110 7.7 Summary 111 8. Soft Tissue Applications 8.1 Introduction 112 8.2 Bulk space fillers 112 8.3 Maxillofacial implants 114 8.4 Fluid transfer implants 116 8.5 Functional load-carrying and supporting implants 116 8.6 Percutaneous devices 124 8.7 Biomaterials in urological practice 126 8.8 Microencapsulation of live animal cells 127 8.9 Summary 129 9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices 9.1 Introduction 130 9.2 Blood clotting 130 9.3 Blood rheology 132 9.4 Blood vessels 133 9.5 The heart 134 9.6 Aorta and valves 135 9.7 Geometry of blood circulation 138 9.8 The lungs 139 9.9 Vascular implants 140 9.10 Cardiac pacemakers 147 9.11 Blood substitutes 150 9.12 Kidney function 150 9.13 Water in human body 151 9.14 Extracorporeal blood circulation devices 152 9.15 Summary 161 10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 Anatomy of eye 163 10.3 Viscoelastic solutions 165 10.4 Contact lenses 165 10.5 Optical implants 167 10.6 Drainage tubes in glaucoma 168 10.7 Scleral buckling materials for retinal detachment 168 10.8 Vitreous implants 169 10.9 Acrylate adhesives 169 10.10 Eye shields 169 10.11 Artificial tears 169 10.12 Summary 170 11. Orthopaedic Implants 11.1 Introduction 171 11.2 Bone composition and properties 173 11.3 Temporary fixation devices 180 11.4 Fracture healing by electrical and electromagnetic stimulation 182 11.5 Joint replacement 182 11.6 Knee joint repair 186 11.7 Bone regeneration with resorbable material 191 11.8 Summary 193 12. Dental Materials 12.1 Introduction 194 12.2 Teeth composition and mechanical properties 194 12.3 Impression materials 195 12.4 Bases, liners and varnishes for cavities 197 12.5 Fillings and restorative materials 197 12.6 Materials for deep cavities 199 12.7 Metals in dentistry 201 12.8 Oral implants 201 12.9 Use of collagen in dentistry 205 12.10 Summary 205. Front Matter....Pages i-xii Overview of Biomaterials....Pages 1-11 Structure and Properties of Materials....Pages 12-24 Metals....Pages 25-38 Ceramics....Pages 39-50 Synthetic Polymers....Pages 51-71 Biopolymers....Pages 72-91 Tissues Grafts....Pages 92-111 Soft Tissue Applications....Pages 112-129 Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Devices....Pages 130-162 Biomaterials in Ophthalmology....Pages 163-170 Orthopaedic Implants....Pages 171-193 Dental Materials....Pages 194-206 Back Matter....Pages 217-233 Preface 1. Overview of Biomaterials 2. Structure and Properties of Materials 3. Metals 4 Ceramics 5. Synthetic Polymers 6. Biopolymers 7. Tissues Grafts 8. Soft Tissue Applications 9. Cardiovascular Implants and Extra corporeal Devices 10. Biomaterials in Ophthalmology 11. Orthopaedic Implants 12. Dental Materials. Glossary Bibliography Exercises Appendix Index. As biomaterials are used in medical devices, providing needs in such diverse surgical disciplines as opthalmology, cardiology, neuromuscular surgery, orthopaedics, dentistry etc., they must have intimate contact with patient's tissue or body fluids providing a real physical interface which restricts developments most seriously The ability to replace or augment damaged organs, or blood vessels or tissues, totally or in part, has improved both the quality and the length of life of many people.