Biomaterial Fabrication Techniques

This reference is a guide to biomaterial fabrication techniques. The book comprises ten chapters introducing the reader to a range of biomaterial synthesis while highlighting biomedical applications. Each chapter presents a review of the topic followed by updated information about relevant core and applied concepts in an easy to understand format. The first two chapters present vital information about biomaterial components, such as polymer nanocomposites and scaffolds, and the strategies used for their fabrication. The proceeding chapters explain the principles of the most widely used fabrication techniques, and their application in detail. These include freeze drying, electrospinning, 3D printing, multiphoton lithography, particulate leaching, supramolecular self assembly, solvent casting and melt molding. The book is an essential primer on biomaterial synthesis for students and early career researchers in the field of biomedical engineering, applied chemistry and tissue engineering. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Introduction to Biomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Khalil K. Hussain1,* and Muhammad Naeem2 INTRODUCTION BIOMATERIALS FOR SCAFFOLD FABRICATION Ceramics Polymers Metals Composites Hydrogels Methodologies for Scaffold Production Scaffold Design and Properties Relationship Current Scaffold Fabrication Technologies CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering Amjad Khan1,* and Naeem Khan2 INTRODUCTION BIOMATERIALS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING BIOMATERIALS FOR SCAFFOLD PREPARATION Ceramics Bio Glass Alumina (Al2O3) Zirconia oxide (ZrO2) Polymers Collagen and its Derivatives Polysaccharides Synthetic Polymers Metals Stainless Steel Composite Hydrogel Natural Hydrogels Synthetic Hydrogels Semi-Synthetic Hydrogels Durable Hydrogels Biodegradable Hydrogels TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF SCAFFOLDS Solvent Casting / Particulate Leaching Melt Molding / Particulate Leaching Gas Foaming Phase Inversion / Particulate Leaching Fiber Bonding Freeze Drying Method Solid Free Form Fabrication Three Dimensional Printing Fused Deposition Modeling CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Freeze Drying: A Versatile Technique for Fabrication of Porous Biomaterials Shaukat Khan1,*, Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan2,3,4 and Zahoor Ullah5 INTRODUCTION THE FREEZE-DRYING PROCESS CONTROLLED FREEZING Directional Freezing Spray-Freezing into Liquid (SFL) POROUS STRUCTURES Aqueous Solutions Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions Organic Solutions Emulsions MICRO- AND NANOWIRES Micro- And Nanoparticles Potential Application of Freeze Drying CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Centrifugal and Solution Blow Spinning Techniques in Tissue Engineering Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan1,*, Saiful Izwan Abd. Razak1,2, Rawaiz Khan1,3, Sajjad Haider4, Mohsin Ali Raza5, Rashid Amin6, Saqlain A. Shah7 and Anwarul Hasan8,9 INTRODUCTION CONVENTIONAL FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Electrospinning Technique Melt Blowing Technique Bicomponent Fibre Spinning Phase Separation Technique Template Synthesis Technique Self-Assembly Technique Limitation of Conventional Techniques Centrifugal Spinning Centrifugal Spinning Systems Rotating Head Nanofiber Collecting System Types of Centrifugal Spinning Nanofibers Polymer Nanofibers Carbon Nanofibers Ceramic Nanofibers Processing Centrifugal Spinning Fluid Properties Operational Conditions BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SBS APPLICATION IN TISSUE ENGINEERING Synthetic Extracellular Matrix Biological Response to Nanofibrous CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Electrospun Nanofibers Scaffolds: Fabrication, Characterization and Biomedical Applications Murtada A. Oshi1, Abdul Muhaymin2, Ammara Safdar2, Meshal Gul3, Kainat Tufail3, Fazli Khuda3, Sultan Ullah4, Fakhar-ud-Din5, Fazli Subhan6 and Muhammad Naeem6,* INTRODUCTION Fundamental Aspects of Electrospinning Electrospinning Techniques for ESNFs Fabrication Blending Electrospinning Coaxial Electrospinning Emulsion Electrospinning Melt Electrospinning Materials used for Fabrication of ESNFs Parameters Affect Electrospinning Solution Parameters Processing Parameters Environmental Parameters Mechanisms of Drug Loading into ESNFs Blending Method Core/Sheath Method Encapsulation Method Attachment Method Characterization of ESNFs Physical Characterization Morphology Surface Area Tool used for Chemical Characterization of ESNFs Biomedical Applications of ESNFs ESNFs as Drug Delivery Carrier ESNFs in Tissue Engineering ESNFs in Wound Healing ESNFs in Cancer Therapy ESNFs for Dentistry Applications ESNFs in Imaging and Biosensing for Disease Diagnostics/Prognosis ESNFs in Membranes for Medical Filtration and Dialysis CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES 3D Printed Biomaterials and their Scaffolds for Biomedical Engineering Rabail Zehra Raza1, Arun Kumar Jaiswal2,3, Muhammad Faheem1, Sandeep Tiwari2, Raees Khan1, Siomar de Castro Soares3, Asmat Ullah Khan4, Vasco Azevedo2 and Syed Babar Jamal1,* INTRODUCTION Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) Technologies 3D Printing Types in Biomedical Applications Powder-Based Printing Liquid Reservoir Sheets of Material Nanofabrication Biocompatible 3D Printing Materials Bioinks Biomaterial Inks Synthetic Hydrogels Thermoplastics and Resins Ceramics Metal Implants HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS Tissue Engineering 3D Models and Organoids Implants Tissue Regeneration Implant-Tissue Interface Dentistry Orthopedics Drug Delivery Tablets Transdermal Delivery Drug-Releasing Implants Surgical Tools CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Fabrication of Photosensitive Polymers-based Biomaterials through Multiphoton Lithography Mohammad Sherjeel Javed Khan1, Sehrish Manan2, Ronan R. McCarthy3 and Muhammad Wajid Ullah2,* INTRODUCTION MULTIPHOTON LITHOGRAPHIC PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION MULTIPHOTON POLYMERIZATION TOOLS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BIOMATERIALS CHEMISTRY OF MPL PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION Photo Polymerization Photoinitiators Photopolymer Chemistry PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION AND POLYMERIZATION Initiator-Facilitated Photo Polymerization Photocage-Facilitated Photoconjugation General Photoconjugation Light-Induced Decomposition Revocable Photoconjugation APPLICATIONS Biomaterials Synthesis Modulation of Biological Materials LIMITATIONS OF MPL TO BIOLOGICAL DESIGN CONCLUSIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Particulate Leaching (Salt Leaching) Technique for Fabrication of Biomaterials Nurhasni Hasan1,*, Aliyah Putranto1, Sumarheni and Andi Arjuna1 INTRODUCTION PARTICULATE LEACHING (SALT LEACHING) TECHNIQUE Polymers Salt Methods 1. Conventional Salt Leaching 2. Combination of Melt Mixing and Particulate Leaching 3. High Compression Molding-Salt Leaching 4. Gas Foaming-Salt Leaching 5. Salt Leaching Electrospinning (SLE) 6. Salt Leaching Using Powder (SLUP) Advantage and Disadvantage of Scaffolds Produced by Salt Leaching Technique PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Pore Size 2. Porosity 3. Mechanical Properties 4. Interconnected 3D Structures BIOMATERIALS PREPARED WITH PARTICULATE LEACHING TECHNIQUE POROUS 3D SCAFFOLD APPLICATIONS WITH SALT LEACHING TECHNIQUE Bone Engineering Neuronal Retinal Precursor Cells Skin Substitutes FUTURE PROSPECT CONCLUDING REMARK CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Principles of Supra Molecular Self Assembly and Use of Fiber mesh Scaffolds in the Fabrication of Biomaterials Haseeb Ahsan1,2, Salman Ul Islam1,3, Muhammad Bilal Ahmed1, Adeeb Shehzad4, Mazhar Ul Islam5, Young Sup Lee1 and Jong Kyung Sonn1,* INTRODUCTION TO SELF ASSEMBLY Molecular Forces Responsible for Self-Assembly Electrostatic Forces Hydrophobic Interactions Aromatic Stacking (Pi-Pi Stacking) Hydrogen Bonding DESIGNING SUPRAMOLECULAR BIOMATERIALS Dendritic Molecules Surfactants Lipids Amphiphilic Peptides Surfactant-Like Peptides Peptide Amphiphiles (PAs) Drug Amphiphiles Multi-Domain Peptides Aromatic Peptides and Derivatives Nanogels SELF-ASSEMBLY OF CARBON-BASED NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Graphene FIBERMESH SCAFFOLDS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING CHITOSAN FIBER MESH SCAFFOLDS CHITOSAN/POLYCAPROLACTONE (CHT/PCL) BLEND FIBER MESH SCAFFOLDS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Solvent Casting and Melt Molding Techniques for Fabrication of Biomaterials Atiya Fatima1, Md. Wasi Ahmed1, Muhammad Wajid Ullah2,3, Sehrish Manan2,3, Shaukat Khan1, Aref Ahmad Wazwaz1 and Mazhar Ul-Islam1,* INTRODUCTION Biomaterials FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Solvent Casting Melt Casting/Molding Compression Molding Technologies Compression Molding/Particulate Leaching Compression Molding/Phase Separation Compression Molding/Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching Wire-Network Molding Injection Molding Technologies Extrusion Techniques CONCLUSION AND FUTURE REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index