Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Teaching health science majors about thebiology of cardiovascular and metabolicdisease in a straightforward yet conciseway has always been our passion. It is essentialfor students who would work in healthcare to learn about the significant cardiovascularand metabolic diseases they would encounterin their careers. In addition, studentsmust have a good understanding of themany metabolic pathways/mechanisms associatedwith these conditions to providequality support. For example, only recentlyhave we learned about the role of inflammationand the interaction with specific genes incontributing to various diseases. It is also vitalfor students to understand how diet andexercise could prevent or treat these conditions.These are just some of the critical areasfor health science students to learn as theywill someday work in various areas such asexercise science, nutrition, dietetics, medicine,nursing, physical therapy, occupationaltherapy, and athletic training, among others.While the amount and type of treatment varyby profession, all health professionals havepatients with one or more common conditions.We strongly feel that health sciencestudents would benefit by having a basic understandingof the more common cardiovascularand metabolic diseases. Even if they arenot directly treating the condition(s), practitionersshould still understand how andwhy they developed since many of their patientswill have these conditions. However,upon researching the best textbook for abasic understanding of the more commoncardiovascular and metabolic diseases, wefound that the choices were minimal. Someexcellent pathophysiology books go intogreat detail over various diseases, but thesetextbooks are too advanced for an introductorycourse. We also found that they containmany details over conditions that, althoughnecessary, were not very common. Thereforewe decided to develop an introductory textbookfocused on the more common cardiovascularand metabolic diseases in thehealth sciences. 1 Front Matter 2 Copyright 3 Dedication 4 Preface Organization 51yf2FM85UL._SX260_.webp About-the-authors_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases About the authors Chapter-1---The-heart_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases The heart Introduction Location of the heart The pericardium Layers of the heart wall External anatomy of the heart Internal anatomy of the heart Chambers of the heart Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Valves of the heart Cardiac muscle and electrical activity Structure of cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle metabolism Conduction system of the heart Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers Membrane potentials in cardiac conductive cells Membrane potentials in cardiac contractile cells Comparative rates of conduction system firing Electrocardiogram Cardiac cycle Phases of the cardiac cycle Atrial filling Atrial systole and diastole Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole Heart sounds Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume (SV) Preload Contractility Afterload Cardiac output Cardiac reserve Cardiovascular centers References Chapter-2---The-blood-vesse_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis The blood vessels Introduction Blood vessel arrangement Shared structures of blood vessels Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Blood flow Regulation of blood flow Cardiac output Compliance Blood volume Blood viscosity Blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter Blood pressure, cross-sectional area, vessel diameter, and velocity of blood flow Capillary exchange Bulk flow Venous system Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump The role of exercise on systemic blood flow References Chapter-3---Inflammation_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseas Inflammation Introduction Types of inflammation Cellular components Chemical mediators Characteristics of inflammation Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation Resolution of inflammation Risk factors associated with chronic inflammation Complications of chronic inflammation Free radicals and inflammation Role of antioxidants Antiinflammatory agents Diet and inflammation Exercise and inflammation References Chapter-4---Obesity-and-metabolic_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabol Obesity and metabolic syndrome Introduction Body mass index as an index of fat accumulation Causes of obesity Environmental factors Genetic factors Adipose tissue Location of adipose tissue storage Types of fat deposition Leptin and ghrelin Development of resistance to hormones Metabolic syndrome Pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome Visceral adipose tissue Insulin resistance Treatment options for obesity and the metabolic syndrome References Chapter-5---Atherosclerosi_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dise Atherosclerosis Introduction Risk factors shared by arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis Pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Endothelial cell injury Role of macrophages The onset of atherosclerosis Plaque formation The role of high-density lipoprotein in the development of atherosclerosis C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation Aneurysms and dissection Pathogenesis of aneurysms References Chapter-6---Coronary-artery-di_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic- Coronary artery disease Introduction Coronary arteries Coronary veins Phasic variations in coronary blood flow Regulation of coronary circulation Coronary artery disease (CAD) Risk factors for CAD Myocardial infarction (MI) Pathogenesis of myocardial infarction Cardiogenic shock Cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction Revascularization of the heart Myocardial reperfusion injury Exercise and prevention of myocardial injury Congestive heart failure The progression of heart failure Common blood tests to diagnose MI Treatment options for MI References Chapter-7---Renal-physiolo_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dise Renal physiology Introduction External anatomy of the kidney Internal anatomy Nephrons The glomerulus The Bowman's capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting ducts Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Glomerular filtration Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Regulation of glomerular filtration rate Tubular reabsorption and secretion Reabsorption and secretion in the proximal tubule Reabsorption and secretion in the loop of Henle Reabsorption and secretion in the distal tubule Reabsorption and secretion in the collecting duct Natriuretic hormones Diuretics and fluid volume References Chapter-8---Blood-pressure--hypertensi_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Me Blood pressure, hypertension, and exercise Introduction Components of arterial blood pressure Systolic and diastolic pressure Pulse pressure Mean arterial pressure Pulse Regulation of blood pressure Autonomic regulation of blood pressure Baroreceptor reflex Chemoreceptor reflex Endocrine regulation of blood pressure Epinephrine and norepinephrine Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Erythropoietin (EPO) Hypertension Pathogenesis of essential hypertension Genetic factors Increased sympathetic activity Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction Environmental factors Hypertension and exercise Acute physiological response to exercise Chronic or postexercise physiological response Graded exercise and blood pressure Upper body exercise and blood pressure Mechanisms involved in the blood pressure-lowering and cardioprotective effects of regular exercise Prescription of exercise References Chapter-9---Cellular-metabol_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Di Cellular metabolism Introduction Catabolic reactions Anabolic reactions Oxidation and reduction reactions Hormonal regulation of metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate digestion and absorption Glycolysis Fate of pyruvate Anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis Protein metabolism Digestion and absorption of proteins Essential and nonessential amino acids Regulation of protein metabolism Deamination and transamination Urea cycle Nitrogen balance References Chapter-10---Lipid-metaboli_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis Lipid metabolism Introduction Digestion overview Fate of dietary fat Triglycerides Digestion and absorption of lipids Types of lipoproteins Lipoprotein metabolism Lipolysis Ketogenesis Oxidation of ketones Lipogenesis Management of low blood cholesterol levels References Chapter-11---Obesity-and-liver-_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic Obesity and liver disease Introduction Anatomy of the liver Blood supply to the liver Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells Production and circulation of bile Functions of the liver Carbohydrate metabolism Protein metabolism Lipid metabolism Other metabolic functions of the liver Cori cycle Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease) Why does excessive acetaminophen cause liver injury? Alcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Pathogenesis of NASH Progression of NASH to fibrosis Cirrhosis (fibrosis) Portal hypertension References Chapter-12---Endocrine-pancr_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Di Endocrine pancreas Introduction Cells and secretions of the pancreatic islets Glucose transporters Regulation of blood glucose levels by glucagon and insulin Glucagon Insulin Mechanism of insulin secretion Normal glucose homeostasis Normal insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver References Chapter-13---Diabetes-melli_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis Diabetes mellitus Introduction Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Genetic factors Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance Role of adipocytes in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus Free fatty acids and hepatic glucose metabolism High levels of free fatty acids and muscle glucose metabolism (Randle cycle) Insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle Glycation and reactive oxygen species Acute consequences of diabetes mellitus Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Hemoglobin A1c test Glucose uptake during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Diabetes and exercise References Index_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases Index Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseasescombines physiology and pathophysiology of selected metabolic and cardiovascular diseases with health relevance. Written in a concise and easy to read manner, the book allows readers to gain an understanding on a number of topics, including cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology and how it relates to the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. The book also highlights the relevance of obesity in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and emphasizes the benefits of exercise as a preventative measure and way to treat underlying conditions.main content:1. The Heart (心脏)2. Blood Vessels (血管)3. Inflammation (炎症)4. Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome (肥胖和代谢综合征)5. Atherosclerosis (动脉粥样硬化)6. Coronary Artery Disease (冠心病)7. Renal Physiology (肾脏生理学)8. Blood Pressure, Hypertension, and Exercise (血压、高血压和运动)9. Cellular Metabolism (细胞代谢)10. Lipid Metabolism (脂质代谢)11. Obesity and Liver Disease (肥胖和肝病)12. Endocrine Pancreas (内分泌胰腺)13. Diabetes Mellitus (糖尿病) Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases combines physiology and pathophysiology of selected metabolic and cardiovascular diseases with health relevance. Written in a concise and easy to read manner, the book allows readers to gain an understanding on a number of topics, including cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology and how it relates to the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. The book also highlights the relevance of obesity in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and emphasizes the benefits of exercise as a preventative measure and way to treat underlying conditions. Focuses succinctly on the physiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases Written in a concise and easy to read manner, allowing readers to quickly understand concepts Highlights the relevance of obesity in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and emphasizes the benefits of exercise as a preventative measure