Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology Plus Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (11th Edition)

For non-majors/mixed biology courses. An Inquiry Approach that engages readers in critical thinking through the use of relatable case studies and more.With a proven and effective tradition of engaging readers with real-world applications, high-interest case studies, and inquiry-based pedagogy, Biology: Life on Earth fosters a lifetime of discovery and scientific understanding. Maintaining the conversational, question-and-answer presentation style that has made the text a best-seller, the Eleventh Edition continues to incorporate true and relevant Case Studies throughout each chapter, along with new, more extensive guidance for developing critical thinking skills and scientific literacy. * * Also available as a Pearson eText or packaged with Mastering BiologyPearson eText** is a simple-to-use, mobile-optimized, personalized reading experience that can be adopted on its own as the main course material. It allows students to highlight, take notes, and review key vocabulary all in one place, even when offline. Seamlessly integrated videos and other rich media engage students and give them access to the help they need, when they need it. Educators can easily schedule readings and share their own notes with students so they see the connection between their eText and what they learn in class – motivating them to keep reading, and keep learning. If your instructor has assigned Pearson eText as your main course material, search for: 0135242924 / 9780135242926 Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology -- Access Card OR 0135213835 / 9780135213834 Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earthwith Physiology -- Instant Access Mastering BiologyTM is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product proven to improve results by helping students quickly master concepts. Students benefit from self-paced tutorials that feature personalized wrong-answer feedback and hints that emulate the office-hour experience and help keep students on track. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Biology, search for:0133910601 / 9780133910605 Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology Plus Mastering Biology with eText -- Access Card Package, 11/ePackage consists of: * 0134254732 / 9780134254739 Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology * 0133923002 / 9780133923001 Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone book; Pearson eText and Mastering Biology do not come packaged with this content. Students, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.**About the AuthorTERRY AND GERRY AUDESIRK grew up in New Jersey, where they met as undergraduates. After marrying in 1970, they moved to California, where Terry earned her doctorate in marine ecology at the University of Southern California and Gerry earned his doctorate in neurobiology at the California Institute of Technology. As postdoctoral students at the University of Washington’s marine laboratories, they worked together on the neural bases of behavior, using a marine mollusk as a model system. They are now emeritus professors of biology at the University of Colorado Denver, where they taught introductory biology and neurobiology from 1982 through 2006. In their research, funded primarily by the National Institutes of Health, they investigated the mechanisms by which neurons are harmed by low levels of environmental pollutants and protected by estrogen. Terry and Gerry share a deep appreciation of nature and of the outdoors. They enjoy hiking in the Rockies, walking near their home in Steamboat Springs, and attempting to garden at 7,000 feet in the presence of hungry deer and elk. They are long-time members of many conservation organizations. Their daughter, Heather, provides another welcome focus to their lives.BRUCE E. BYERS is a midwesterner transplanted to the hills of western Massachusetts, where he is a professor in the biology department at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He’s been a member of the faculty at UMass (where he also completed his doctoral degree) since 1993. Bruce teaches introductory biology courses for both nonmajors and majors; he also teaches courses in ornithology and animal behavior. A lifelong fascination with birds ultimately led Bruce to scientific exploration of avian biology. His current research focuses on the behavioral ecology of birds, especially on the function and evolution of the vocal signals that birds use to communicate. The pursuit of vocalizations often takes Bruce outdoors, where he can be found before dawn, tape recorder in hand, awaiting the first songs of a new day. Cover Brief Contents Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Contents Preface 1. An Introduction to Life on Earth Case Study: The Boundaries of Life 1.1. What is Life? Organisms Acquire and Use Materials and Energy Organisms Actively Maintain Organized Complexity Organisms Sense and Respond to Stimuli Organisms Grow Organisms Reproduce Organisms, Collectively, Have the Capacity to Evolve Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life 1.2. What is Evolution? Three Natural Processes Underlie Evolution Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life 1.3. How do Scientists Study Life? Life May be Studied at Different Levels Biologists Classify Organisms Based on Their Evolutionary Relationships 1.4. What is Science? Science Is Based on General Underlying Principles The Scientific Method Is an Important Tool of Scientific Inquiry Biologists Test Hypotheses Using Controlled Experiments Scientific Theories Have Been Thoroughly Tested Science Is a Human Endeavor How do we know that? Controlled Experiments Provide Reliable Data Case Study Revisited: The Boundaries of Life Unit 1: The Life of the Cell 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life Case Study: Unstable Atoms Unleashed 2.1. What Are Atoms? 2.2. How do Atoms Interact to Form Molecules? 2.3. Why is Water so Important to Life? 3. Biological Molecules Case Study: Puzzling Proteins 3.1. Why is Carbon so Important in Biological ­Molecules? 3.2. How are Large Biological Molecules Synthesized? 3.3. What are Carbohydrates? 3.4. What are Proteins? 3.5. What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids? 3.6. What are Lipids? 4. Cell Structure and Function Case Study: New Parts for Human Bodies 4.1. What is the Cell Theory? 4.2. What are the Basic Attributes of Cells? 4.3. What are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells? 4.4. What are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? 5. Cell Membrane Structure and Function Case Study: Vicious Venoms 5.1. How is the Structure of the Cell Membrane Related to its Function? 5.2. How do Substances Move Across Membranes? 5.3. How do Specialized Junctions Allow Cells to Connect and Communicate? 6. Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Case Study: Energy Unleashed 6.1. What is Energy? 6.2. How is Energy Transformed During Chemical Reactions? 6.3. How is Energy Transported Within Cells? 6.4. How do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions? 6.5. How are Enzymes Regulated? 7. C apturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis Case Study: Did the Dinosaurs Die from Lack of Sunlight? 7.1. What is Photosynthesis? 7.2. The Light Reactions: How is Light Energy Converted to Chemical Energy? 7.3. The Calvin Cycle: How is Chemical Energy Stored in Sugar Molecules? 8. Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Case Study: Raising a King 8.1. How do Cells Obtain Energy? 8.2. How does Glycolysis Begin Breaking Down Glucose? 8.3. How does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy from Glucose? 8.4. How does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen is Lacking? Unit 2: Inheritance 9. Cellular Reproduction Case Study: Body, Heal Thyself 9.1. What are the Functions of Cell Division? 9.2. What Occurs During the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle? 9.3. How is the DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes Organized? 9.4. What Occurs During the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? 9.5. How does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells? 9.6. How is the Cell Cycle Controlled? 10. Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction Case Study: The Rainbow Connection 10.1. How does Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? 10.2. How does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Variable, Haploid Cells? 10.3. How do Meiosis and Union of Gametes Produce Genetically Variable Offspring? 10.4. When do Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division Occur in the Life Cycles of Eukaryotes? 10.5. How do Errors in Meiosis Cause Human Genetic Disorders? 11. Patterns of Inheritance Case Study: Sudden Death on the Court 11.1. What is the Physical Basis of Inheritance? 11.2. How were the Principles of Inheritance Discovered? 11.3. How are Single Traits Inherited? 11.4. How are Multiple Traits Inherited? 11.5. Do the Mendelian Rules of Inheritance Apply to all Traits? 11.6. How are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited? 11.7. How are Sex and Sex-Linked Traits Inherited? 11.8. How are Human Genetic Disorders Inherited? 12. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Case Study: Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin 12.1. How did Scientists Discover that Genes are Made of DNA? 12.2. What is the Structure of DNA? 12.3. How does DNA Encode Genetic Information? 12.4. How does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division? 12.5. What are Mutations, and how do they Occur? 13. Gene Expression and Regulation Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis 13.1. How is the Information in DNA Used in a Cell? 13.2. How is the Information in a Gene Transcribed into RNA? 13.3. How is the Base Sequence of mRNA Translated into Protein? 13.4. How do Mutations Affect Protein Structure and Function? 13.5. How is Gene Expression Regulated? 14. Biotechnology Case Study: Guilty or Innocent? 14.1. What is Biotechnology? 14.2. What Natural Processes Recombine DNA between Organisms and between Species? 14.3. How is Biotechnology Used in Forensic Science? 14.4. How is Biotechnology Used to Make Genetically Modified Organisms? 14.5. How are Transgenic Organisms Used? 14.6. How is Biotechnology Used to Learn About the Genomes of Humans and Other Organisms? 14.7. How is Biotechnology Used for Medical Diagnosis and Treatment? 14.8. What are the Major Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology? Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity of Life 15. Principles of Evolution Case Study: What Good Are Wisdom Teeth and Ostrich Wings? 15.1. How did Evolutionary Thought Develop? 15.2. How does Natural Selection Work? 15.3. How do we Know that Evolution has Occurred? 15.4. What is the Evidence that Populations Evolve by­ Natura 16. How Populations Evolve Case Study: Evolution of a Menace 16.1. How are Populations, Genes, and Evolution Related? 16.2. What Causes Evolution? 16.3. How does Natural Selection Work? 17. The Origin of Species Case Study: Discovering Diversity 17.1. What is a Species? 17.2. How is Reproductive Isolation between Species ­Maintained? 17.3. How do New Species Form? 17.4. What Causes Extinction? 18. The History of Life Case Study: Ancient DNA Has Stories to Tell 18.1. How Did Life Begin? 18.2. What were the Earliest Organisms Like? 18.3. What were the Earliest Multicellular Organisms Like? 18.4. How did Life Invade the Land? 18.5. What Role has Extinction Played in the History of Life? 18.6. How did Humans Evolve? 19. Systematics: Seeking Order Amid Diversity Case Study: Origin of a Killer 19.1. How are Organisms Named and Classified? 19.2. What are the Domains of Life? 19.3. Why do Classifications Change? 19.4. How Many Species Exist? 20. The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses Case Study: Unwelcome Dinner Guests 20.1. Which Organisms are Members of the Domains ­Archaea and Bacteria? 20.2. How do Prokaryotes Survive and Reproduce? 20.3. How do Prokaryotes Affect Humans and Other ­Organisms? 20.4. What Are Viruses, Viroids, and Prions? 21. The Diversity of Protists Case Study: Green Monster 21.1. What are Protists? 21.2. What are the Major Groups of Protists? 22. The Diversity of Plants Case Study: Queen of the Parasites 22.1. What are the Key Features of Plants? 22.2. How have Plants Evolved? 22.3. What are the Major Groups of Plants? 22.4. How do Plants Affect Other Organisms? 23. The Diversity of Fungi Case Study: Humongous Fungus 23.1. What are the Key Features of Fungi? 23.2. What are the Major Groups of Fungi? 23.3. How do Fungi Interact with Other Species? 23.4. How do Fungi Affect Humans? 24. Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates Case Study: Physicians’ Assistants 24.1. What are the Key Features of Animals? 24.2. Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? 24.3. What are the Major Animal Phyla? 25. Animal Diversity II: Vertebrates Case Study: Fish Story 25.1. What are the Key Features of Chordates? 25.2. Which Animals are Chordates? 25.3. What are the Major Groups of Vertebrates? Unit 4: Behavior and Ecology 26. Animal Behavior Case Study: Sex and Symmetry 26.1. How does Behavior Arise? 26.2. How do Animals Compete for Resources? 26.3. How do Animals Behave when they Mate? 26.4. How do Animals Communicate? 26.5. What do Animals Communicate About? 26.6. Why do Animals Play? 26.7. What Kinds of Societies do Animals Form? 26.8. Can Biology Explain Human Behavior? 27. Population Growth and Regulation Case Study: The Return of the Elephant Seals 27.1. What is a Population and how does Population Size Change? 27.2. How is Population Growth Regulated? 27.3. How do Life History Strategies Differ Among Species? 27.4. How are Organisms Distributed in Populations? 27.5. How is the Human Population Changing? 28. Community Interactions Case Study: The Fox’s Tale 28.1. Why are Community Interactions Important? 28.2. How does the Ecological Niche Influence ­Competition? 28.3. How do Consumer–Prey Interactions Shape ­Evolutionary Adaptations? 28.4. How do Mutualisms Benefit Different Species? 28.5. How do Keystone Species Influence Community ­Structure? 28.6. How do Species Interactions Change Community ­Structure Over Time? 29. Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems Case Study: Dying Fish Feed an Ecosystem 29.1. How do Nutrients and Energy Move Through ­Ecosystems? 29.2. How does Energy Flow Through Ecosystems? 29.3. How do Nutrients Cycle within and Among ­Ecosystems? 29.4. What Happens when Humans Disrupt Nutrient ­Cycles? 30. Earth’s Diverse Ecosystems Case Study: Food of the Gods 30.1. What Determines the Distribution of Life on Earth? 30.2. What Factors Influence Earth’s Climate? 30.3. What are the Principal Terrestrial Biomes? 30.4. What are the Principal Aquatic Biomes? 31. Conserving Earth’s Biodiversity Case Study: The Wolves of Yellowstone 31.1. What is Conservation Biology? 31.2. Why is Biodiversity Important? 31.3. Is Earth’s Biodiversity Diminishing? 31.4. What are the Major Threats to Biodiversity? 31.5. Why is Habitat Protection Necessary to Preserve ­Biodiversity? 31.6. Why is Sustainability Essential for a Healthy ­Future? Unit 5: Animal Anatomy and Physiology 32. Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body Case Study: Overheated 32.1. Homeostasis: Why and how do Animals Regulate their Internal Environment? 32.2. How is the Animal Body Organized? 33. Circulation Case Study: Living from Heart to Heart 33.1. What are the Major Features and Functions of ­Circulatory Systems? 33.2. How does the Vertebrate Heart Work? 33.3. What is Blood? 33.4. What are the Types and Functions of Blood ­Vessels? 33.5. How does the ­Lymphatic System Work with the ­Circulatory ­System? 34. Respiration Case Study: Straining to Breathe—with High Stakes 34.1. Why Exchange Gases and what are the Requirements for Gas Exchange? 34.2. How do Respiratory Adaptations Minimize Diffusion Distances? 34.3. How is Air Conducted Through the Human Respiratory System? 34.4. How does Gas Exchange Occur in the Human ­Respiratory System? 35. Nutrition and Digestion Case Study: Dying to Be Thin 35.1. What Nutrients do Animals Need? 35.2. How does Digestion Occur? 35.3. How do Humans Digest Food? 36. The Urinary System Case Study: Paying it Forward 36.1. What are the Major Functions of Urinary ­Systems? 36.2. What are Some Examples of Invertebrate Urinary ­Systems? 36.3. What are the Structures of the Mammalian Urinary ­System? 36.4. How is Urine Formed? 36.5. How do Vertebrate Urinary Systems Help Maintain Homeostasis? 37. Defenses Against Disease Case Study: Flesh-Eating Bacteria 37.1. How does the Body Defend itself Against ­Disease? 37.2. How do Nonspecific Defenses Function? 37.3. What are the Key Components of the Adaptive Immune System? 37.4. How does the Adaptive Immune System Recognize Invaders? 37.5. How does the Adaptive Immune System Attack ­Invaders? 37.6. How does the Adaptive Immune System Remember its Past Victories? 37.7. How does Medical Care Assist the Immune ­Response? 37.8. What Happens when the Immune System ­Malfunctions? 37.9. How does the Immune System Combat Cancer? 38. Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System Case Study: Insulin Resistance 38.1. How do Animal Cells Communicate? 38.2. How do Endocrine Hormones Produce their ­Effects? 38.3. What are the Structures and Functions of the ­Mammalian Endocrine System? 39. The Nervous System Case Study: How Do I Love Thee? 39.1. What are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells? 39.2. How do Neurons Produce and Transmit ­Information? 39.3. How does the Nervous System Process Information and Control Behavior? 39.4. How are Nervous Systems Organized? 39.5. What are the Structures and Functions of the Human Nervous System? 40. The Senses Case Study: Bionic Ears 40.1. How do Animals Sense their Environment? 40.2. How is Temperature Sensed? 40.3. How are Mechanical Stimuli Detected? 40.4. How is Sound Detected? 40.5. How are Gravity and Movement Detected? 40.6. How is Light Perceived? 40.7. How are Chemicals Sensed? 40.8. How is Pain Perceived? 41. Action and Support: The Muscles and Skeleton Case Study: Legs of Gold 41.1. How do Muscles Contract? 41.2. How do Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Differ from ­Skeletal Muscle? 41.3. How do Muscles and Skeletons Work Together to ­Provide Movement? 42. Animal Reproduction Case Study: To Breed a Rhino 42.1. How do Animals Reproduce? 42.2. What are the Structures and Functions of Human ­Reproductive Systems? 42.3. How can People Prevent Pregnancy? 43. Animal Development Case Study: Rerunning the Program of Development 43.1. What are the Principles of Animal ­Development? 43.2. How do Direct and Indirect Development ­Differ? 43.3. How does Animal Development Proceed? 43.4. How is Development Controlled? 43.5. How do Humans Develop? 43.6. Is Aging the Final Stage of Human ­Development? Unit 6: Plant Anatomy and Physiology 44. Plant Anatomy and Nutrient ­Transport Case Study: Autumn in Vermont 44.1. How are Plant Bodies Organized? 44.2. How do Plants Grow? 44.3. What are the Differentiated Tissues and Cell Types of Plants? 44.4. What are the Structures and Functions of Leaves? 44.5. What are the Structures and Functions of Stems? 44.6. What are the Structures and Functions of Roots? 44.7. How do Plants Acquire Nutrients? 44.8. How do Plants Move Water and Minerals from Roots to Leaves? 44.9. How do Plants Transport Sugars? 45. Plant Reproduction and ­Development Case Study: Some Like It Hot—and Stinky! 45.1. How do Plants Reproduce? 45.2 What are the Functions and Structures of Flowers? 45.3. How do Fruits and Seeds Develop? 45.4. How do Seeds Germinate and Grow? 45.5. How do Plants and their Pollinators Interact? 45.6. How do Fruits Help to Disperse Seeds? 46. Plant Responses to the ­Environment Case Study: Predatory Plants 46.1. What are Some Major Plant Hormones? 46.2. How do Hormones Regulate Plant Life Cycles? 46.3. How do Plants Communicate, Defend Themselves, and Capture Prey? Appendix I: Biological Vocabulary: Common Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Appendix II: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix III: Metric System Conversions Appendix IV: Classification of Major Groups of Eukaryotic Organisms Glossary Answers to Think Critically, Evaluate This, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank Questions Credits Index С проверенными и эффективными способами привлечение читателей, с реальными приложениями, высоким процентом исследований, данное пособие представляет целую жизнь открытий и научных знаний. Используя стиль презентации, вопрос-ответ, который сделал текст бестселлером, издание содержит актуальные данные в каждой главе, является самым подробным руководством для развития навыков критического мышления и научной грамотности.With a proven and effective tradition of engaging readers with real-world applications, high-interest case studies, and inquiry-based pedagogy, Biology: Life on Earth fosters a lifetime of discovery and scientific understanding. Maintaining the conversational, question-and-answer presentation style that has made the text a best-seller, the Eleventh Edition continues to incorporate true and relevant Case Studies throughout each chapter, along with new, more extensive guidance for developing critical thinking skills and scientific literacy. An Inquiry Approach that engages readers in critical thinking through the use of relatable case studies and more. With a proven and effective tradition of engaging readers with real-world applications, high-interest case studies, and inquiry-based pedagogy, "Biology: Life on Earth" fosters a lifetime of discovery and scientific understanding. Maintaining the conversational, question-and-answer presentation style that has made the text a best-seller, the Eleventh Edition continues to incorporate true and relevant Case Studies throughout each chapter, along with new, more extensive guidance for developing critical thinking skills and scientific literacy