Biological shape analysis : proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Naha, Okinawa, Japan, 7-9 September 2011

This proceedings volume describes the current state of research dealing with biological shape analysis. The quantitative analysis of the shape of biological organisms represents a challenge that has now seen breakthroughs with new methodologies such as elliptical Fourier analysis, quantitative trait loci analysis (QTLs), thin plate splines, etc. The volume also illustrates the diversity of disciplines that are actively involved in the characterization and analysis of the biological shape. Some of the papers deal with the need to relate the underlying genome responsible for the actual observed characteristics of form. Moreover, many of the papers focus on the relationship of the shape to the processes that determine the biological form, an issue of major continuing concern in biology. This volume brings together for the second time practitioners from a variety of disciplines who have been concerned with the necessity of applying new methods to the analysis of biological shape. Previous methodologies based on the conventional metrical approach (distances, angles and ratios), have not been able to adequately capture - in quantitative terms - the subtleties and complexities of biological form due to its irregularity. This volume represents an initial attempt to quantitatively characterize the biological form in both two- and three-dimensions, as it is actually perceived. There is no volume available that deals with the subject matter of these proceedings. The papers represent, as in the first proceedings, a unique look at: (1) new methodologies developed and used quantitatively describe the biological form; (2) the need to relate the observed biological shape to the underlying processes that determine the shape; and (3) the tremendous diversity of disciplines actively involved in the characterization and analysis of biological shapes. These range from physical anthropology, anatomy, genetics, botany, entomology, forensics, to applied mathematics, etc Contents 12 Preface 8 REFERENCES 10 List of Symposium Participants 14 1. Agricultural Crop Selection 16 1. SEISHI NINOMIYA: Can Machine Vision Substitute for Plant Breeders’ Eye? A Case of Whole Crop Shape Selection in Soybean Breeding 18 INTRODUCTION 18 MATERIALS AND SHAPE FEATURES 19 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 REFERENCES 35 2. Entomological Studies 38 2. K. H. TAKAHASHI: Genetic Architecture of the Developmental Buffering Machinery for Wing Shape in Fruit Flies 40 INTRODUCTION 40 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 48 REFERENCES 48 3. N. KUMANO, T. KURIWADA, K. SHIROMOTO AND H. TATSUTA: Effect of Male Genital Spines on Female Remating Propensity in the West Indian Sweet Potato Weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus 54 INTRODUCTION 54 MATERIALS AND METHODS 56 RESULTS 62 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 REFERENCES 69 4. H. TATSUTA, H. IWATA AND K. GOKA: Morphometric Studies on the Variation of Male Lucanid Beetle Mandibles 74 INTRODUCTION 74 MATERIALS AND METHODS 76 RESULTS 80 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 88 REFERENCES 88 3. Human Morphological Studies 92 3.1. Skull and Cranium 12 5. T. YAMAGUCHI, R. KIMURA, A. KAWAGUCHI, Y. TOMOYASU AND K. MAKI: Craniofacial Morphology in Human Genetics 94 INTRODUCTION 94 MATERIALS AND METHODS 95 RESULTS 96 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 104 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 106 REFERENCES 106 3.2. Vertebral Morphology 12 6. O. KONDO: An Application of Fourier Transform of Two-dimensional Images: A Case Study of Human Vertebral Tuberculosis of Hokkaido Ainu 113 INTRODUCTION 113 MATERIALS AND METHODS 114 RESULTS 118 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 123 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125 REFERENCES 125 3.3. Mandibular Studies 12 7. R. KHULLAR, P. E. LESTREL, W. MOON AND C. A. WOLFE: Representation of the Mandible as a Curve in 3-space: A Preliminary Study using Fourier Descriptors 128 INTRODUCTION 128 MATERIALS AND METHODS 137 RESULTS 153 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 156 REFERENCES 158 8. P. E. LESTREL, C. A. WOLFE AND A. BODT: Mandibular Shape Analysis of Plio-Pleistocene Hominins: Fourier Descriptors in Norma lateralis 161 INTRODUCTION 162 MATERIALS AND METHODS 163 RESULTS 173 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 183 REFERENCES 185 3.4. Whole Body Studies 13 9. P. E. LESTREL, N. MIYAKE, M. ISHIHARA AND C. A. WOLFE: Assessment of Body Image Perception: A Preliminary Study using Elliptic Fourier Descriptors 189 INTRODUCTION 190 MATERIALS AND METHODS 192 RESULTS 205 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 208 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 209 REFERENCES 209 4. Primate Studies 214 10. D. NEAUX, F. GUY, E. GILISSEN, W. COUDYZER, P. VIGNAUD AND S. DUCROCQ: Craniofacial Covariation in Extant Great Apes: A Geometric Morphometric Study 216 INTRODUCTION 216 MATERIALS AND METHODS 217 RESULTS 221 DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS 223 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 225 REFERENCES 226 Index 230