Biological Invasions in the South American Anthropocene : Global Causes and Local Impacts

Invasiones Biológicas en Chile proporciona un marco sintético y organizado acerca del fenómeno de las invasiones biológicas. Se centra en la experiencia investigativa lograda en paí­ses sudamericanos y con un fuerte énfasis en Chile, pues ambos autores han desarrollado investigación en este tópico, fundamentalmente en vertebrados terrestres y en plantas vasculares. El texto aborda aspectos teóricos y conceptuales, así­ como estudios de casos basados es especies invasivas y los procesos y patrones en que ellas han sido involucradas. Este trabajo contribuye a satisfacer la necesidad de disponer de un texto en el campo de la ecologí­a de invasiones para una audiencia general hispanoparlante y se establecen las fortalezas y debilidades de varios programas de investigación ejecutados hasta la fecha en nuestro continente. En esto nos anima la convicción de estar frente a un fenómeno de carácter global y de gran interés biológico Preface Acknowledgements About This book Contents About the Authors Part I: Conceptual Framework Chapter 1: Introduction to the Phenomenon of Biological Invasions 1.1 Biological Invasions 1.2 Text Focus 1.3 Some Fundamental Considerations in Invasion Ecology 1.4 Conceptual Framework of Invasions 1.5 Objectives and Scope of the Text References Chapter 2: Biological Invasions in the Anthropocene 2.1 Preamble 2.2 Historical Imprint 2.3 Species Accumulation Curves 2.4 Minimum Residence Time 2.5 Archaeo and Neobiota 2.6 Geographical Imprint 2.7 Cryptogenic Species 2.8 Biodiversity Catalogues and Databases 2.9 Biotic Homogenization 2.10 Genetic, Phylogenetic, and Functional Homogenization 2.11 Biological Invasions and Urbanization References Chapter 3: Transport and Introduction 3.1 Primary Dispersal 3.2 Causes and Purposes 3.3 Importance of Intentional Introductions 3.4 The Purposes 3.5 Involuntary Introduction 3.6 Transboundary Diffusion of Species 3.7 Vectors and Dispersal Routes 3.8 Vector Diversity 3.9 Propagule Pressure References Chapter 4: Naturalization 4.1 Preamble 4.2 Demographic Aspects 4.3 Genetic Aspects 4.4 Morphofunctional Attributes Favoring Naturalization 4.5 Range Environmental Correlations 4.6 Population Interactions as Determinants of Naturalization 4.7 Antagonistic Interactions 4.8 Facilitating Interactions 4.9 Biodiversity as Biotic Resistance to Naturalization References Chapter 5: Range Expansion 5.1 Preamble 5.2 Reaction-Diffusion Models 5.3 Expansion Rate 5.4 Demographic Component 5.5 Reaction-Diffusion in Nature 5.6 Stratified Dispersion and Long Distance References Chapter 6: Impacts on Human Health, Economy and Biodiversity 6.1 Preamble 6.2 Some Examples 6.3 Types of Impact 6.4 Impacts on Human Health 6.5 Impacts on the Economy 6.6 Impacts on Biodiversity References Chapter 7: Ecological Impacts 7.1 Preamble 7.2 Ecological Impact on an Organismic Scale 7.3 Impact on Population and Community Scale 7.4 Competitive Displacement 7.5 Invasion by Facilitation 7.6 Antagonistic Interactions 7.7 Modifying Ecosystems 7.8 Changing Biogeography to Homogeneity References Part II: Case Studies Chapter 8: European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) in Chile: The Human Dimension Behind a Biological Invasion 8.1 History of the European Rabbit in Chile 8.2 The European Rabbit as Alien Species in the World 8.3 Origins of the European Rabbit in Central Chile 8.4 Controverted Role of the European Rabbit in Central Chile 8.5 European Rabbits as Pests in Central Chile 8.6 European Rabbits as Pests in Tierra del Fuego 8.7 European Rabbits as Pests in Juan Fernández Archipelago 8.8 Closing Comments References Chapter 9: Invasive European Wild Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Argentina: State of the Art and Prospects for Research 9.1 The Paradoxical European Wild Rabbit 9.2 The European Wild Rabbit as an Invasive Species 9.3 History of European Rabbit Invasion and Expansion in Argentina 9.4 Main Contributions to Ecology and Impacts in Argentina 9.4.1 Ecological Traits 9.4.2 Impacts 9.4.3 Management 9.5 What happens with European Rabbits in Argentina? 9.5.1 Anomalous Situation in Argentina’s Northern Patagonia 9.5.2 Successful Establishment in the Primary Source 9.6 Prospects for Research References Chapter 10: Wild Boar Invasion in Argentina and Chile: Ecology, Impacts, and Distribution 10.1 Ungulates as Invasive Species 10.2 Feral Populations of Domestic Pigs in Argentina and Chile 10.3 Invasion History of Wild Boar in Argentina 10.4 Origin and Expansion in Chile 10.5 Ecological Strategies in Invaded Habitats 10.6 Wild Boar’s Expansion on Arid Lands of Argentina 10.7 Impacts of Wild Boar in Argentina and Chile 10.8 Socioeconomic Impacts of Wild Boar in the Southern Cone of South America 10.9 Rooting as a Main Disturbance 10.10 Wild Boar as a Prey for Native Predators 10.11 Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research References Chapter 11: Reconceiving the Biological Invasion of North American Beavers (Castor canadensis) in Southern Patagonia as a Socio-ecological Problem: Implications and Opportunities for Research and Management 11.1 Biological Invasions Even at the End of the World 11.2 The Beaver as a Boundary Object 11.3 History: Present and Past 11.4 Disciplines: Biophysical and Social Domains 11.5 Management: Theory and Practice 11.6 Stakeholders: Science and Society 11.7 Achieving a Paradigm Shift in Biological Invasions Research 11.8 Final Remarks References Chapter 12: Foreign Carnivore: The Case of American Mink (Neovison vison) in South America 12.1 American Mink Introduction to South America 12.1.1 Argentina 12.1.2 Chile 12.2 From Farms to the Wild: Invasion Routes and Current Invasion Fronts 12.3 How Did American Mink Become One of the Most Successful Vertebrate Invaders in South America? 12.3.1 Energetic Sources in Invaded Areas 12.3.2 Climatic Un-constraints 12.3.3 What About the Climatic Constraints? 12.3.4 Biological Constraints: Competitors 12.3.5 Biological Constraints: Who Eats Minks? 12.3.6 Time Lags 12.4 Impacts 12.4.1 Endangered Prey of Patagonia 12.4.2 Endangered Competitors in Patagonia 12.4.3 Family Livelihoods and Tourism 12.5 Pathogens and Diseases in American Mink 12.6 Control of American Mink in South America 12.6.1 Trapping Methods and Efficiency Assessment 12.6.2 Ultimate Experiences 12.7 Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research Applied to Mink Management in South America References Chapter 13: Taxonomic Homogenization of the Freshwater Fish Fauna in Chile: Analyzing the Ichthyogeographic Provinces 13.1 Taxonomic Homogenization of the Freshwater Fish Faunas 13.2 Basins and Fishes 13.3 Quantifying Species Turnover 13.4 Spatial Turnover Among Ichthyogeographic Provinces 13.5 Prospects References References Invasiones Biológicas En Chile: Causas Globales E Impactos Locales Proporciona Un Marco Sintético Y Organizado Acerca Del Fenómeno De Las Invasiones Biológicas. Se Centra En La Experiencia Investigativa Lograda En Países Sudamericanos Y Con Un Fuerte énfasis En Chile, Pues Ambos Autores Han Desarrollado Investigación En Este Tópico, Fundamentalmente En Vertebrados Terrestre Y En Plantas Vasculares. El Texto Aborda Aspectos Teóricos Y Conceptuales, Así Como Estudios De Casos Basados Es Especies Invasivas Y Los Procesos Y Patrones En Que Ellas Han Sido Involucradas. Este Trabajo Contribuye A Satisfacer La Necesidad De Disponer De Un Texto En El Campo De La Ecología De Invasiones Para Una Audiencia General Hispano-parlante Y Se Establecen Las Fortalezas Y Debilidades De Varios Programas De Investigación Ejecutados Hasta La Fecha En Nuestro Continente. En Esto Nos Anima La Convicción De Estar Frente A Un Fenómeno De Carácter Global Y De Gran Interés Biológico. This book provides a conceptually organized framework to understand the phenomenon of biological invasions at the Anthropocene global scale. Most advances toward that aim have been provided from North American and European researchers, with fewer contributions from Australia and South Africa. Here we fill the void from the Neotropics, focusing on the research experience in South American countries, with a strong emphasis on Argentina and Chile. The text is divided into two parts: The first half comprises self-contained chapters, providing a conceptual, bibliographic and empirical foundation in the field of invasion biology, from an Anthropocene perspective. The second half reviews the ecology, biogeography, and local impacts in South America of exotic species groups (European rabbit, Eurasian wild boar, Canadian beaver, North American mink, and Holarctic freshwater fishes), which are shown to be useful models for case studies of global relevance.