Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in Iran: A Review from Fundamental and Applied Aspects (Progress in Biological Control, 18)

The book provides a reference to biological control of arthropod pests in agriculture and of public health importance in Iran. A quick glance over the literature shows a long history of biocontrol attempts in the country. Some historically important events highlighting the interest of Iranian academic, research and extension fields to the natural enemies and their applied aspects are provided. Iran, with an exception of the former USSR, was a pioneer in both basic and applied biocontrol in West Asia. The book consists of four parts: three parts for predators, parasitoids and pathogens, and last part for other approaches and analyses of the current state of biological control in Iran. The book provides the most up-to-date information on pest control and related topics of entomology in Iran. The chapters are written by scholars from major Universities and research centers in Iran. Foreword Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Overview: History of Agricultural Entomology and Biological Pest Control in Iran 1.1 Pioneer Entomologists 1.2 The Early Persian Books on Entomology 1.3 Foundation of Karaj College of Agriculture 1.4 The History of Biological Pest Control in Iran 1.5 Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum 1.6 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP) 1.7 Department of Biological Control 1.8 Other Institutes 1.8.1 Pasteur Institute of Iran 1.8.2 Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute 1.8.3 Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI) 1.8.4 Silkworm Breeding Company and the Silkworm Research Center 1.9 Plant Protection Organization (PPO) 1.10 Societies and Congresses 1.10.1 The Entomological Society of Iran (ESI) 1.10.2 Iranian Plant Protection Congress 1.10.3 Iranian Acarology 1.11 Medical Entomology 1.12 Current Biological Control Plans in Iran References Part I: Predators Chapter 2: Lady Beetles; Lots of Efforts but few Successes 2.1 Introduction, Why Lady Beetles Are so Important? 2.2 The Most Important Lady Beetles Species Reported from Iran 2.2.1 Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.2 Adalia decempunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.3 Adalia fasciatopunctata revelierei Muls 2.2.4 Adalia tetraspilota (Hope 1831) 2.2.5 Anisosticta bitriangularis Say 2.2.6 Anisosticta novemdecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.7 Bromus gebleri Weise 2.2.8 Bromus octosignatus (Gebler 1830) 2.2.9 Bromus undulatus 2.2.10 Calvia quatrodecimguttata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.11 Cheilomenes sexmaculatus (Fabricius 1781) 2.2.12 Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.13 Clitostethus arcuatus Rossi 2.2.14 Coccinella elegantula (Weise 1980) 2.2.15 Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow 2.2.16 Coccinella novemnotata Herbst 2.2.17 Coccinella quatrodecimpustulata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.18 Coccinella redemita (Weise 1895) 2.2.19 Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.20 Coccinella undecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.21 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant 1853) 2.2.22 Diloponis furschi Ahmadi and Yazdani 2.2.23 Diomus rubidus (Motschulsky 1837) 2.2.24 Exochomus flavipes (Thunberg 1781) 2.2.25 Exochomus illaesicollis Roubal 2.2.26 Exochomus melanocephalus (Zoubkoff 1833) 2.2.27 Exochomus nigripennis Erichsion 2.2.28 Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777) 2.2.29 Exochomus pubescens (Kuster 1848) 2.2.30 Exochomus quadripustulatus (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.31 Exochomus undulatus (Weise 1878) 2.2.32 Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze 1777) 2.2.33 Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.34 Hyperaspis duvergeri (Fursch 1985) 2.2.35 Hyperaspis concolor (Suffrian 1843) 2.2.36 Hyperaspis marmottani Fairmaire 2.2.37 Hyperaspis polita Weise 2.2.38 Hyperaspis quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher 1844) 2.2.39 Hyperaspis reppensis (Herbst 1783) 2.2.40 Hyperaspis syriaco (Weise 1885) 2.2.41 Hyperaspis vinciqerrae Capra 2.2.42 Nephus arcuatus Kapur 2.2.43 Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann 1794) 2.2.44 Nephus biguttatus 2.2.45 Nephus bisignatus etesiacus Fursch 2.2.46 Nephus fenestratus Sahlberg 2.2.47 Nephus includes Kirsch 2.2.48 Nephus nigricans (Weise 1879) 2.2.49 Nephus quadrimaculatus (Herbst 1783) 2.2.50 Nephus ulbrichi (Fursch 1977) 2.2.51 Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.52 Oenopia oncina (Olivier 1808) 2.2.53 Pharoscymnus brunneosignatus (Marder 1949) 2.2.54 Pharoscymnus ovoideus Anthor, P. arabicus Anthor and P. setulesus Chevrolat 2.2.55 Pharoscymnus pharoides Marseul 2.2.56 Pharoscymnus cf. smirnovi (Dobzhansky l927) 2.2.57 Propylea quatuordecimpuctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.58 Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (Linnaeus 1758) 2.2.59 Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant 1850) 2.2.60 Rodolia fusti Weise 2.2.61 Scymniscus biflammatus (Motschulsky 1837) 2.2.62 Scymnus argutus Mulsant 2.2.63 Scymnus araraticus (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1969) 2.2.64 Scymnus araxicola (Fleischer 1900) 2.2.65 Scymnus apetzi (Mulsant 1846) 2.2.66 Scymnus auritus (Thunberg 1795) 2.2.67 Scymnus flavicollis (Redtenbacher 1844) 2.2.68 Scymnus frontalis (Fabricius 1787) 2.2.69 Scymnus impexus (Mulsant, 1850) 2.2.70 Scymnus levaillanti (Mulsant 1850) 2.2.71 Scymnus mongolicus Weiser 2.2.72 Scymnus nubilus (Mulsant 1846) 2.2.73 Scymnus pallipediformis (Gunther 1958) 2.2.74 Scymnus pallipes (Mulsant 1850) 2.2.75 Scymnus quadriguttatus (Fürsch and Kreissl 1967) 2.2.76 Scymnus rubromaculatus Goeze 2.2.77 Scymnus schmidt Fürsch 2.2.78 Scymnus subvillosus Goeze 2.2.79 Scymnus suffrianioides (Sahlberg 1913) 2.2.80 Scymnus suffrianioides apetzoides (Capra and Fursch 1967) 2.2.81 Scymnus syriacus (Marseul 1868) 2.2.82 Scymnus testaceus (Motschulsky 1837) 2.2.83 Serangium montazerii Fursch 2.2.84 Sidis (Nephus) biflamulatus 2.2.85 Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant 1850) 2.2.86 Stethorus punctillum (Weise 1891) 2.2.87 Stethorus siphonulus (Kapur 1948) 2.2.88 Sympherobious elegans Stephens 2.2.89 Synharmonia conglobata L. 2.2.90 Thea vigintiduopunctata L. 2.2.91 Tytthaspis gebleri (Mulsant 1850) 2.2.92 Vibidia duodecimguttata (poda, 1761) 2.3 Life History and Demography 2.4 Miscellaneous Studies 2.5 Predator-Prey Dynamics 2.5.1 Functional Response of Most Important Coccinellid Species to Different Prey Types 2.5.2 Numerical Response 2.6 Population Fluctuations of Hippodamia variegata and Other Lady Beetle Species 2.7 Intraguild Predation Studies 2.8 Applied Studies Employing Different Coccinellid Species in Greenhouse and Field Environment References Chapter 3: Biological Control of Pests by Mites in Iran 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Predatory Mites 3.2.1 Order Mesostigmata 3.2.1.1 Dinychidae 3.2.1.2 Parasitidae 3.2.1.3 Macrochelidae 3.2.1.4 Phytoseiidae 3.2.1.4.1 Introduced Phytoseiid Mites in Iran 3.2.1.4.2 Native Phytoseiid Mites 3.2.1.4.3 Behavioural Aspects 3.2.1.4.4 Life Table Parameters 3.2.1.4.5 The Effect of Host Plants on Predatory Mites 3.2.1.4.6 The Side Effects of Acaricides on Biocontrol Agents 3.2.1.4.7 Interactions among Biocontrol Agents 3.2.1.4.8 Mass Rearing 3.2.1.5 Blattisociidae 3.2.1.6 Laelapidae 3.2.2 Suborder Prostigmata 3.2.2.1 Bdellidae 3.2.2.2 Cunaxidae 3.2.2.3 Tydeidae 3.2.2.4 Iolinidae 3.2.2.5 Anystidae 3.2.2.6 Stigmaeidae 3.2.2.7 Cheyletidae 3.3 Parasitic Mites 3.3.1 Order Mesostigmata 3.3.1.1 Otopheidomenidae 3.3.2 Suborder Prostigmata 3.3.2.1 Eriophyidae 3.3.2.2 Erythraeidae 3.3.2.3 Trombidiidae 3.3.2.4 Other Terrestrial Parasitengonina 3.3.2.5 Aquatic Parasitengonina (Hydrachnidiae) 3.3.2.6 Trochometridiidae 3.3.2.7 Pyemotidae 3.3.2.8 Acarophenacidae 3.3.2.9 Podapolipidae 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Applied Ecology of Some Predacious Mites in Iran 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Important Mite Pests 4.2.1 Two- Spotted Spider Mite 4.3 Important Predatory Mites 4.3.1 Order Mesostigmata 4.3.1.1 Family Phytoseiidae 4.3.1.1.1 Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, 1957 4.3.1.1.2 Neoseiulus spp. Hughes, 1948 4.3.1.1.3 Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein and Arutunjan 4.3.1.1.4 Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot 4.3.1.1.5 Other Phytoseiid Species 4.3.1.2 Family Tydeidae 4.3.1.3 Family Ascidae 4.3.1.4 Family Laelapidae 4.3.1.5 Family Parasitidae 4.3.2 Order Prostigmata 4.3.2.1 Family Trombidiidae 4.3.2.2 Family Cunaxidae 4.3.2.3 Family Stigmaeidae 4.3.2.4 Family Anystidae 4.3.2.5 Family Cheyletidae 4.4 Contribution to Research Development 4.5 How Can Improve the Biological Control by Mites in Iran? 4.6 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects 5.1 Introduction: Why Lacewings Are Important? 5.2 Review on Taxonomy of Neuroptera 5.3 Reports on Chrysopidae Species from Iran 5.4 Reports on Coniopterygidae Species from Iran 5.5 Reports on Hemerobiidae Species from Iran 5.6 Rearing of Green Lacewings 5.7 Life History of Green Lacewings 5.8 Research on Green Lacewings in Iran 5.9 Applied Studies of Lacewings for Pest Management 5.10 Conclusion References Part II: Parasitoids Chapter 6: Egg Parasitoids: Chalcidoidea with Particular Emphasis on Trichogrammatidae 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Family Trichogrammatidae Foerster, 1856 6.3 Importance of Egg Mortality 6.4 Iranian Species and Their Target Moths 6.5 Laboratory Rearing on Factitious Hosts 6.6 Quality Control and Parasitoid Efficacy Studies 6.6.1 Longevity 6.6.2 Fecundity 6.6.3 Life Table Parameters 6.6.4 Functional Response 6.7 Targets and Inundative Programs 6.7.1 Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. 6.7.2 Carob moth, Spectrobates ceratoniae Zeller 6.7.3 Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner 6.7.3.1 Release in Cotton Fields 6.7.3.2 Release in Tomato Fields 6.7.3.3 Release in Soybean Fields 6.7.4 European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) 6.7.5 Rice Stemborer, Chilo suppressalis Walker 6.8 Comparison Between Iran and the World Status of Trichogramma Research and Application 6.9 Other Chalcids 6.9.1 Family Encyrtidae 6.9.2 Family Eupelmidae 6.9.3 Family Eulophidae 6.9.4 Family Torymidae 6.9.5 Family Mymaridae References Chapter 7: Parasitic Wasps: Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Superfamily Chalcidoidea 7.2.1 Some Chalcidoids Parasitoids of Major Pests in Iran 7.2.2 Parasitoids of Stored-Product Pests 7.2.3 Safflower Seed Pests Parasitoids 7.2.4 Diamondback Moth Parasitoids 7.2.5 Xylophagous Beetles Parasitoids 7.2.6 Alfalfa Leaf Miners Parasitoids 7.2.7 Grape Berry Moth Parasitoids 7.3 Recent Improvements 7.3.1 Chalcididae 7.3.2 Encyrtidae 7.3.3 Eulophidae 7.3.4 Eupelmidae 7.3.5 Eurytomidae 7.3.6 Mymaridae 7.3.7 Pteromalidae 7.3.8 Torymidae 7.4 The Superfamily Ichneumonoidea 7.5 The Superfamily Ichneumonoidea 7.5.1 Basic Research on the Superfamily Ichneumonoidea 7.6 The Known Hosts of Ichneumonoidea in Iran 7.6.1 The Major Coleopteran Pests and their Ichneumonoidea Parasitoids 7.6.2 The Major Lepidopterous Pests and their Ichneumonoidea Parasitoids 7.6.3 The Major Dipterous Pests and Their Ichneumonoidea Parasitoids 7.7 Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 8: Superfamily Platygastroidea: Natural Enemies of True Bugs, Moths, Other Insects, and Spiders 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Iranian Platygastroidea 8.3 Egg Parasitoids of Sunn Pests 8.3.1 Factors Influencing Species Richness and Distribution 8.3.2 How Competing Parasitoids Co-exist? 8.3.3 Aestivation 8.3.4 Hibernation 8.3.5 Host-Parasitoid Synchrony Problem 8.3.6 Indirect Effects of Parasitism 8.4 Augmentation Efforts 8.5 Biostatistics of the Egg Parasitoids of Sunn Pest 8.5.1 Effect of Internal Factors 8.5.1.1 Effect on Life History 8.5.1.2 Effect on Foraging Behaviour 8.5.1.3 Effect on Thermal Requirements 8.5.2 Effect of External Factors - I. Biotic Factors 8.5.3 Effect of External Factors - II. Abiotic Factors 8.6 Future Prospect References Chapter 9: Aphid Parasitoids: Aphidiinae (Hym., Braconidae) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Recent Advances in Taxonomy of Aphid Parasitoids 9.2.1 Knowledge About Taxonomy of Aphid Parasitoids in Iran 9.2.2 Importance of Accurate Identification 9.2.3 Host Associations, Parasitoid Assemblages 9.2.3.1 Host Specific Aphid Parasitoids 9.2.3.2 Broadly Oligophagous Aphid Parasitoids 9.3 Biology of Aphid Parasitoids 9.3.1 Seasonal Occurrence 9.3.2 Reproduction and Life Table Statistics 9.3.3 Functional Response and Foraging Behavior 9.3.4 Host Stage Preference 9.3.5 Ant Associations 9.4 Aphid Parasitoids in Various Ecosystems 9.4.1 Aphid Parasitoids in Farmlands and Orchards, Host Range and Economic Importance 9.4.2 Aphid Parasitoids in Urban Areas 9.4.3 Aphid Parasitoids in Natural Ecosystems, Economically Indifferent Species 9.5 Negative Agents on the Efficieny of Aphid Parasitoids 9.5.1 Hyperparasitoids 9.5.2 Predators 9.5.3 Agricultural Activities 9.6 Conservation of the Aphid Parasitoids 9.6.1 Concept of Refugiums for the Aphid Parasitoids 9.6.2 Importance of Conservation Programs 9.7 The Aphid Parasitoids Imported from Iran for Biological Control of Pest Aphids 9.8 Potential Aphid Parasitoids for Mass Rearing References Part III: Insect Pathogens Chapter 10: Progress on the Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Application Within the Biological Control Program in Iran 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Insect Pathogenic Bacteria 10.3 The Genus Bacillus 10.4 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): Brief History, Ecology, and Biology 10.5 Mode of Action of Bt 10.6 Research Studies in Iran 10.7 Isolation, Natural Occurrence, and Geographical Diversity 10.8 Characterization 10.8.1 Crystal Morphology 10.8.2 Biochemical Tests 10.8.3 PCR-Based Screening 10.8.4 Protein Profile 10.8.5 Biological Activity 10.8.6 Determination of β-exotoxin Production 10.9 Laboratory, Greenhouse and Field Experiments 10.10 Fermentation Optimization 10.11 Enhancing the Efficiency and the Durability of Bt Products 10.12 Bt Based Bio-insecticides 10.13 Bt Crops 10.14 Implementation of Bt in IPM Programs 10.15 Challenges 10.16 Future Research Direction 10.17 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Fungal Entomopathogens of Order Hypocreales 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mode of Action 11.3 Development of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Iran 11.4 Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi with Other Natural Enemies 11.5 Researches on Entomopathogenic Fungi on Crops 11.5.1 Cereal (Wheat) Pests 11.5.1.1 Sunn Pest 11.5.1.2 Locusts and Grasshoppers 11.5.1.3 Aphids 11.5.2 Rice Pests 11.5.3 Beet Pests 11.5.4 Cotton Pests 11.5.5 Subterranean Termites 11.6 Fruit Trees, Forests and Riparian Area Pests 11.6.1 Date Palm Pest 11.7 Vegetable and Greenhouse Pests 11.8 Stored Product Pests 11.9 Household Pests 11.10 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Entomopathogenic and Insect Parasitic Nematodes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Application of Biological Control Agents in IPM Programs in Iran 12.3 An Outline of Studies on Entomopathogenic/Entomoparasitic Nematodes in Iranian Research Centers 12.3.1 The Occurrence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Iran 12.3.2 Entomopathogenic Nematodes Experimental Applications in Iran: Case Studies of Laboratory and Greenhouse Experiments in ... 12.3.2.1 The Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 12.3.2.2 The Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, 1873 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 12.3.2.3 Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 12.3.2.4 The Cucurbit Fruit Fly, Dacus ciliatus Loew, 1862 (Diptera: Tephritidae) 12.3.2.5 The Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) 12.3.2.6 The Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 12.3.2.7 The Apple Clearwing Moth, Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkhausen, 1789 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) 12.3.2.8 The Acorn Weevil, Curculio glandium Marsham, 1802 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) 12.3.2.9 The Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina L., 1761 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) 12.3.2.10 The Rosaceae Longhorned Beetle, Osphranteria coerulescens Redtenbacher, 1850 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 12.4 The Occurrence and Application of Entomoparasitic Nematodes in Iran 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Insect Pathogenic Viruses, Microsporidians and Endosymbionts 13.1 Entomopathogenic Virus 13.1.1 Introduction 13.1.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses in Biocontrol 13.1.2.1 Spodoptera exigua 13.1.2.2 Heliothis armigera 13.1.2.3 Cydia pomonella 13.1.2.4 Plutella xylostella 13.1.2.5 Bombyx mori 13.1.2.6 Apis mellifera 13.1.3 Virus and Natural Condition 13.1.4 The Effect of Entomopathogenic Virus on Parasioids 13.1.5 Combination Virus with Other Agents 13.1.6 Histopathology 13.1.7 Virus-Insect Interactions 13.1.8 Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Viruses 13.2 Insect Endosymbionts 13.2.1 Wolbachia 13.2.1.1 Introduction 13.2.1.2 Wolbachia in Trichogramma Wasp 13.2.1.3 Wolbachia in Habrobracon hebetor 13.2.1.4 Wolbachia in Fruit Flies 13.2.1.5 Wolbachia in Culicidae 13.2.1.6 Wolbachia in Other Hosts 13.2.2 Other Endosymbionts 13.3 Microsporidia 13.3.1 Apis mellifera 13.3.2 Culicidae 13.3.3 Other Species References Chapter 14: Microbial Biopecticides: Opportunities and Challenges 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of Biological Control in Iran 14.3 Microbial Biopesticides Opportunities in Iran 14.3.1 Bacterial Biopesticides 14.3.2 Fungal Biopesticides 14.4 Challenges for Growers 14.5 Challenges for Producers 14.6 Future Prospects References Part IV: Other Approaches and Analyses of Current States of Biological Control in Iran Chapter 15: Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Main Greenhouse Crops 15.3 The Main Pests of Greenhouse Crops 15.3.1 Aphids 15.3.2 Whiteflies 15.3.3 Thrips 15.3.4 Leaf Miners 15.3.5 Mites 15.4 The Main Biological Control Agents of Greenhouse Crop Pests 15.4.1 Biological Control of Aphids 15.4.1.1 Predators 15.4.1.2 Parasitoids 15.4.2 Biological Control of Whiteflies 15.4.2.1 Predators 15.4.2.2 Parasitoids 15.4.2.3 Pathogens 15.4.3 Biological Control of Thrips 15.4.3.1 Predators 15.4.3.2 Pathogens 15.4.4 Biological Control of Leaf Miners 15.4.4.1 Predators 15.4.4.2 Parasitoids 15.4.5 Biological Control of Mites 15.4.5.1 Predators References Chapter 16: Biocontrol for Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance in Iran 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 16.2.1 Malaria and West Nile Virus 16.2.1.1 Predators of Malaria Vectors 16.2.1.1.1 Larvivorous Fishes 16.2.1.2 Parasites and Pathogens of Malaria Vectors 16.2.1.2.1 Nematodes 16.2.1.2.2 Insect Pathogens 16.2.1.2.3 Entomopathogenic Bacteria 16.2.1.2.4 Entomopathogenic Fungi 16.2.1.2.5 Entomopathogenic Oomycetes 16.2.1.2.6 Parasitic Mites 16.2.1.3 Symbiotic Bacteria 16.2.2 Leishmaniasis 16.2.3 Tick-Borne Diseases 16.2.4 Myiasis 16.2.5 Diseases Transmitted by Cockroaches 16.3 Open End Story References Chapter 17: Analytical Approach to Opportunities and Obstacles of Iranian Biological Pest Control 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Current Situation of BC in the Country 17.2.1 Parasitoids: Trichogramma as the Master Agent 17.2.1.1 More Technical Issues About Trichogramma 17.2.1.1.1 Mass Production of Alternative Hosts 17.2.1.1.2 Mass Production of Trichogramma 17.2.1.1.3 Trichocards, Storage, and QC 17.2.2 Predators 17.2.3 Microbial Control Agents (MCA) 17.3 Government Support of BC 17.4 Target Crops of BC: Greenhouses and Outdoor Area 17.5 Role of Academia on the Development of BC 17.6 Farmers Issues and Their Ability for BC 17.7 Final Analysis and Solutions References