Biointegration of Medical Implant Materials: Science and Design (Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials)

__Biointegration of Medical Implant Materials, Second Edition,__ provides a unique and comprehensive review of recent techniques and research into material and tissue interaction and integration. New sections discuss soft tissue integration, with chapters on the biocompatibility of engineered stem cells, corneal tissue engineering, and vascular grafts. Other sections review tissue regeneration, inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, alginate based drug delivery devices, and design considerations, with coverage of the biocompatibility of materials and their relevance to drug delivery and tissue engineering. With its distinguished editor and team of international contributors, this book is ideal for medical materials scientists and engineers in industry and academia. Biointegration of Medical Implant MaterialsSecond EditionEdited byChandra P. Sharma Copyright Contributors Preface 1 - Biointegration: an introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Biointegration of biomaterials for orthopedics 1.3 Biointegration of biomaterials for dental applications 1.4 AlphaCor artificial corneal experience 1.5 Biointegration and functionality of tissue engineering devices 1.6 Percutaneous devices 1.7 Future trends References 2.- Interface biology of stem cell–driven tissue engineering: concepts, concerns, and approaches 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Stem cells for tissue engineering 2.3 Mesenchymal stem cells in a nutshell 2.4 Mesenchymal stem cell action in wound healing 2.5 Biomaterials in stem cell–based soft tissue engineering 2.6 Influence of scaffold patterns in stem cell behavior 2.6.1 Scaffold decoration with stem cells 2.6.1.1 Chemokine-decorated scaffolds as stem cell recruiter 2.6.2 Summary and future directions References 3 - Replacement materials for facial reconstruction at the soft tissue–bone interface 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Facial reconstruction 3.2.1 Tissues at the bone interface 3.2.2 Organs of special senses: eye, nose, and ear 3.3 Materials used in traditional interfacial repair 3.3.1 Naturally derived materials 3.3.2 Bioresorbable and nonbiodegradable materials 3.3.3 The polytetrafluoroethylenes 3.4 Surface modification of facial membranes for optimal biointegration 3.4.1 Calcium phosphate coatings 3.4.2 Plasma treatment and ion implantation 3.4.3 Gamma irradiation–induced grafting 3.5 Future trends Acknowledgments References 4 - Tissue engineering of small-diameter vascular grafts 4.1 Background 4.2 Clinical significance 4.3 Tissue engineering approach 4.3.1 Scaffold fabrication 4.3.2 Materials and material properties 4.3.3 Target architecture: native blood vessels 4.3.4 Extracellular matrix 4.3.5 Mimicry of the extracellular matrix: electrospinning 4.4 Surface modification approach 4.4.1 Cold plasma–based techniques: chemical/physical modification 4.4.2 Click chemistry 4.4.3 Biological modification 4.5 Cellular interactions 4.5.1 In vitro studies 4.5.2 Stem cell studies 4.5.3 Cell microintegration 4.5.4 Core-shell method 4.5.5 In vivo studies toward translational applications 4.6 Emerging perspectives 4.7 Conclusion References 5.- Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 What are stem cells? 5.1.2 Types of stem cells 5.1.3 Stem cell differentiation 5.1.4 Application of stem cells in tissue engineering 5.2 Mesenchymal stem cells 5.2.1 Introduction of mesenchymal stem cells 5.3 Sources of mesenchymal stem cells 5.3.1 Peripheral blood–derived mesenchymal stem cells 5.3.2 Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells 5.3.3 Umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells 5.3.4 Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 5.4 Properties of mesenchymal stem cells 5.4.1 Differentiation 5.4.2 Immune modulation 5.4.3 Migratory capacity 5.5 Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells 5.5.1 Bone and cartilage diseases 5.5.2 Bone marrow transplant and graft versus host disease 5.5.3 Cardiovascular diseases 5.5.4 Autoimmune diseases 5.5.5 Liver diseases 5.5.6 Musculoskeletal diseases 5.5.7 Rheumatoid arthritis 5.5.8 Systemic lupus erythematosus 5.5.9 Type 1 diabetes 5.5.10 Multiple sclerosis 5.5.11 Parkinson's disease 5.5.12 Alzheimer's disease 5.6 Stem cell banking 5.6.1 Introduction to stem cell banking 5.6.2 Steps in mesenchymal stem cell banking 5.6.3 Future orientation References Further reading 6.- Cardiac regeneration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The controversy 6.3 Mechanisms 6.3.1 Survival and protection 6.3.2 Inflammation reduction 6.3.3 Cell–cell communication 6.3.4 Angiogenesis/vascularization 6.3.5 Cardiomyogenesis 6.3.6 Molecular regulation of proliferation, the cell cycle, and commitment 6.3.7 Cardiac aging 6.4 Stem cell therapies 6.5 Barriers in stem cell therapy 6.6 Tissue engineering 6.7 Cellular reprogramming 6.8 Stem cell–derived exosomes and small vesicles 6.9 Hydrogels 6.10 Cardiac regeneration in children 6.11 Valves 6.12 Biointegration 6.13 Conclusion References 7 - Tissue-based products 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Acellular tissue products 7.3 Chemically cross-linked tissue products 7.4 Tissue-derived products 7.5 Host response to tissue products 7.6 Sterilization of tissue-based/tissue-derived products 7.6.1 Ethylene oxide treatment 7.6.2 Gamma and electron beam irradiation 7.6.3 Ultraviolet irradiation 7.6.4 Ethanol treatment 7.6.5 Cryopreservation and freeze-drying 7.6.6 Antibiotic regimen 7.6.7 Aqueous glutaraldehyde sterilization 7.7 Risk management of tissue-based products 7.8 Conclusion References Further reading 8 - Tendon Regeneration 8.1 Tendon cells and composition 8.2 Internal architecture 8.3 Importance of the complex three-dimensional structure 8.4 Tendon to bone insertion 8.5 Pure dense fibrous connective tissue 8.6 Uncalcified fibrocartilage 8.7 Tidemark 8.8 Calcified fibrocartilage 8.9 Bone 8.10 Supporting structures 8.11 Blood supply 8.12 Biomechanical properties 8.13 Impacting factors 8.14 Effects of aging 8.14.1 Biochemical effects 8.14.2 Biomechanical effects 8.15 Effects of exercise 8.15.1 Biochemical response 8.15.2 Biomechanical effects 8.15.3 Overuse 8.16 Effects of immobilization 8.17 Tendon injury 8.18 Types of injury 8.19 Tendon healing 8.20 Mechanisms of healing 8.21 Surgical intervention 8.22 Tendon regeneration 8.23 Utilization of growth factors in tendon healing 8.23.1 Transforming growth factor beta 8.23.2 CTGF/CCN2 8.23.3 Bone morphogenic protein family 8.23.4 bFGF/FGF-2 8.23.4.1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 8.23.4.2 Platelet-derived growth factor 8.23.4.3 VEGF 8.23.5 Other growth factors of interest 8.23.6 Autologous growth factor sources, platelet-rich plasma 8.24 Stem cell–based approaches to tendon healing 8.24.1 Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells 8.24.2 Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 8.24.3 Embryonic stem cells 8.24.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells 8.24.5 Tendon-derived stem cells 8.25 The role of biologic and synthetic scaffolds in tendon healing 8.25.1 Collagen-based constructs 8.25.2 Tissue-based constructs 8.25.3 Synthetically engineered constructs 8.26 The role of gene transfer in tendon healing 8.27 Future of tendon regeneration References 9 - Integration of dental implants: molecular interplay and microbial transit at tissue–material interface 9.1 Evolution of the concept of biointegration of dental implants 9.2 Mechanisms of biointegration of dental implants 9.3 Establishing biological gingival seal 9.4 Early inflammatory phase 9.5 Neovascularization at peri-implant zone 9.6 Osteoconduction 9.6.1 De novo bone formation, bone remodeling, and osseointegration 9.7 Soft tissue healing and biointegration 9.8 Cell signaling and integration of dental implants 9.9 Genetic networks in osseointegration 9.10 Microbial interplay in osseointegration of dental implants 9.11 Interface biofilms: a unique pulpit for microbial homing 9.12 Implant failure and enhancement of biointegration 9.13 ECM disorganization 9.14 Microbial versus host cell signaling at the interface 9.15 Conclusions References 10 - Biointegration of bone graft substiutes from osteointegration to osteotranduction 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bone, the hard tissue 10.3 Bone grafts 10.4 Synthetic bone graft substitutes 10.4.1 Sintered calcium phosphate ceramics 10.4.2 Bioglass and calcium phosphosilicates 10.4.3 Composites and coatings 10.4.4 Bioactive self-setting cements 10.5 Biointegration of synthetic bone graft substitutes 10.5.1 Integration of sintered ceramics (osteointegration) 10.5.2 Integration of bioglass (transforming integration) 10.5.3 Integration of composites and coatings 10.5.4 Integration of bioactive self-setting cements 10.6 Conclusion References 11 - Stem cell–based therapeutic approaches toward corneal regeneration 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Cornea and corneal layers 11.1.2 Corneal epithelial homeostasis 11.1.3 Limbal epithelial stem cells and its characteristics 11.1.4 Corneal stem cell niche 11.1.5 Limbal stem cell markers 11.1.6 Limbal deficiency conditions 11.2 Corneal blindness and current therapies 11.2.1 Amniotic membrane transplantation 11.2.2 Autologous conjunctival limbal transplant 11.2.3 Allogeneic limbal stem cell transplant 11.2.4 Cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation 11.2.5 Simple limbal epithelial transplantation 11.2.6 Corneal stromal stem cells 11.3 Other cell-based approaches—nonlimbal sources 11.3.1 Cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation 11.3.2 Mesenchymal stem cells 11.3.3 Hair follicular stem cells 11.3.4 Dental pulp stem cells 11.3.5 Skin epidermal stem cells 11.3.6 Human embryonic stem cells 11.3.7 Induced pluripotent stem cells 11.4 Biomaterials in corneal reconstruction 11.4.1 Biological materials for corneal regeneration 11.4.1.1 Collagen 11.4.1.2 Amniotic membrane 11.4.1.3 Silk 11.4.1.4 Gelatin 11.4.2 Synthetic biomaterials 11.4.2.1 Polyvinyl alcohol 11.4.2.2 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 11.4.2.3 Polyethylene glycol diacrylate 11.4.2.4 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 11.4.2.5 Thermoresponsive polymers Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 11.4.2.6 Poly N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate 11.5 Translational and clinical perspective References 12 - Biocompatibility of materials and its relevance to drug delivery and tissue engineering 12.1 Biocompatibility of materials and medical applications 12.1.1 Fundamental aspects of tissue response to materials 12.1.2 Blood–material interactions and initiation of the inflammatory response 12.1.3 Surface modifications to improve biocompatibility of materials 12.1.4 Biostability of polymeric materials and biocompatibility 12.2 Biomaterials for controlled drug delivery 12.2.1 Polymers used in drug delivery 12.2.2 Modified polymers for drug delivery 12.2.3 Polymer comatrix system for combination drug delivery 12.2.4 Biocompatible coatings for bioactive protein delivery 12.2.5 Nano versus microparticles in cancer drug delivery 12.3 Biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 12.3.1 Surface-engineered biomaterials for tissue engineering 12.3.2 Use of polymeric biomaterials in nanomedicine 12.4 Role of scaffold and the loaded drug/growth factor in the integration of extracellular matrix and cells at the interface 12.4.1 Induction of angiogenesis in tissue-engineered scaffolds for bone repair: a combined gene therapy–cell transplantation approach 12.4.2 Hydrogel composite materials for enhanced neurotrophin delivery in neural prostheses 12.4.3 Fine-tuning Notch signaling to promote angiogenesis 12.4.4 Myocardial tissue engineering via growth hormones 12.4.5 Multiple factor delivery for vascular tissue engineering 12.4.6 Cell sources for tissue engineering applications 12.5 Future outlook on combination devices with drug delivery and tissue engineering References 13 - Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Calcium phosphate nanoparticles 13.2.1 Oral insulin delivery applications 13.2.2 Theranostic applications 13.2.3 Gene delivery applications 13.2.4 Cancer chemotherapy applications 13.2.5 Tissue engineering applications 13.3 Gold nanoparticles 13.3.1 Cancer chemotherapy applications 13.3.2 Gene delivery applications 13.4 Iron oxide nanoparticles 13.4.1 Cancer therapy applications 13.4.2 Gene delivery applications 13.4.3 Tissue engineering applications 13.4.4 General drug delivery and targeting 13.5 Conclusion 13.6 Biointegration concept and future perspective Acknowledgments References 14 - Applications of alginate biopolymer in drug delivery 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Alginate biopolymer 14.2.1 Biocompatibility 14.2.2 Degradation 14.2.3 Chemically modified alginate 14.2.4 Ionically cross-linked alginate hydrogels 14.2.5 Alternative methods for hydrogel fabrication 14.3 Drug delivery using alginate matrices 14.3.1 Use of chemically modified alginate 14.3.2 Microencapsulation for transplantation 14.4 Concluding remarks and future directions Acknowledgments References 15 - Failure mechanisms of medical implants and their effects on outcomes 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Failure mechanisms of medical implants 15.2 Manufacturing deficiencies 15.3 Mechanical factors (e.g., fatigue, overloading, and off-axis loading) 15.4 Wear 15.4.1 Wear and migration 15.5 Corrosion 15.6 Clinical factors for implant success and failure 15.6.1 Health of patient 15.6.2 Surgical errors 15.7 Failure mechanisms of non–load-bearing implants 15.7.1 Soft tissue implants 15.8 Failure analysis of medical implants 15.9 Multivariate analysis 15.10 Ethical issues 15.11 Conclusion References 16 - Biointegration of three-dimensional–printed biomaterials and biomedical devices 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Metallic implants via three-dimensional printing 16.2.1 Stainless steel (316L) implants 16.2.2 Implants with Ti and its alloys 16.2.3 Porous/cellular implants for orthopedic applications 16.2.4 Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metals 16.3 Bioceramic scaffolds using three-dimensional printing 16.3.1 Calcium phosphate ceramics 16.3.1.1 Hydroxyapatite 16.3.1.2 Tricalcium phosphate 16.3.1.3 Other calcium phosphates 16.3.2 Bioactive glass 16.3.3 Ceramic composites 16.3.4 Ceramic–polymer composites 16.4 Bioprinting 16.4.1 Bioprinting strategies and classifications 16.4.1.1 Inkjet-based three-dimensional bioprinting 16.4.1.2 Microextrusion-based three-dimensional bioprinting 16.4.1.3 Laser-assisted three-dimensional bioprinting 16.4.2 Bioinks for bioprinting 16.4.2.1 Natural polymers 16.4.2.2 Synthetic polymers 16.4.3 Niche application areas of bioprinting technology 16.4.3.1 Bone tissue 16.4.3.2 Cartilage 16.4.3.3 Skin 16.5 Current challenges and future directions 16.6 Summary References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z