Biogas : from waste to fuel

Biogas- from waste to fuel makes the readers aware about the process of anaerobic digestion and explains the ways in which the waste is converted to biogas and how further it is upgraded to biomethane. It informs the ways in which the algae is used for biogas production and discusses the impact of biogas technology. The book discusses about the optimization of biogas production in the developing countries and explains what methanogens mean. Also discussed in the book are the strategies for the enhancement of biogas production for second generation lignocellulosic resources and the opportunities and challenges for the industrial application of combined production of biogas and bioethanol. It also provides the meaning of biomethane and elaborates on the various process disturbances in agricultural biogas production, further discussing the various perspectives of biogas conversion into bio-CNG for use as a fuel in automobiles. Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright 6 DECLARATION 7 ABOUT THE EDITOR 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 List of Contributors 17 List of Figures 21 List of Tables 27 List of Abbreviations 29 Preface 31 PART – I: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOGAS OVERVIEW 35 Chapter 1 Introduction to anaerobic digestion (AD) 37 Introduction 37 1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process 39 1.2 Factors Affecting AD 42 1.3 Types of Anaerobic Reactors 49 1.4 Pretreatment Methods 52 1.5 Biomethane Potential Assays 56 1.6 Pathogen Removal By Ad 58 Chapter 2 Waste to Biogas 59 Introduction 59 2.1 Food Waste 60 2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 67 2.3 Animal Waste (AW) 69 2.4 Industrial Waste 77 2.5 Kitchen Waste 78 2.6 Anaerobic Digestate 79 Chapter 3 Biogas Upgradation to Biomethane 83 Introduction 83 3.1 Physical/ Chemical Removal of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 85 3.2. Chemoautotrophic Biogas Upgrading 92 3.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Technologies 93 3.4 Removal of Trace Compounds 95 3.5 Methane Removal From Offgas 95 Chapter 4 Algae for Biogas Production 97 Introduction 97 4.1 Algae: An Overview 98 4.2 Composition 104 4.3 Pretreatment Methods For Optimizing AD of Algae 111 4.4 Challenges In AD of Algae 118 4.5 Conclusions 123 Chapter 5 Impact of Biogas Technology 125 5.1 Benefits of Biogas 125 5.2 Negative Impacts of Biogas Combustion 128 5.3 Biogas In Developing Countries 128 References 131 PART – II: APPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY 135 Chapter 6 Recent Updates on Biogas Production - A Review 137 1. Abstract 137 2. Introduction 138 3. Biogas, Driving Forces And The Biogas Industry 139 4. Current Biogas Process Technologies 143 5. Novel Anaerobic Digestion Technologies 147 6. Microbial Community Analysis And Biogas Process Control 151 7. Concluding Remarks 154 8. References 156 Chapter 7 Enhancement and Optimization Mechanisms of Biogas Production for Rural Household Energy in Developing Countries: A review 165 1. Abstract 165 2. Introduction 166 3. Rationale of Using Biogas than Solid Biomass 167 4. Optimization Level 169 5. Enhancing The Biochemical Processes In Anaerobic Digestion 170 6. Enhancement of Bio-Digestion For Optimum Production 172 7. Conclusion 179 8. Acknowledgement 179 9. References 180 Chapter 8 Methanogens: Biochemical Background And Biotechnological Applications 185 1. Abstract 185 2. Introduction 186 3. Biochemical And Microbial Background 187 4. Electroactivity Of Methanogens 195 5. Genetic Tools For Methanogens 198 6. Applications Of Methanogens 201 7. Conclusions 214 8. Authors’ Contributions 216 9. Acknowledgements 216 10. References 217 Chapter 9 Anaerobic Digestion Without Biogas? 237 1. Abstract 237 2. Introduction 238 3. Methane Containing Biogas As Process Driver 240 4. Vfa As Central Intermediate 247 5. Valorisation of VFA 253 6. Summary And Outlook 257 7. Acknowledgments 259 8. References 260 Chapter 10 Biological Pretreatment Strategies For Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Resources To Enhance Biogas Production 267 1. Abstract 267 2. Introduction 268 3. Lignocelluloses 269 4. Biodegradation Of Lignocellulose 270 5. Concepts of Pretreatment 272 6. By-Product Formation 280 7. Closing Remarks—Conclusions 281 8. Author Contributions 281 9. References 282 Chapter 11 Combined Biogas And Bioethanol Production: Opportunities And Challenges For Industrial Application 291 1. Abstract 291 2. Introduction 292 3. Bioethanol Production 294 4. Biogas Production 296 5. The Combination Of Bioethanol And Biogas Production Processes 298 6. Conclusions 310 7. Acknowledgments 312 8. Author Contributions 312 9. References 313 Chapter 12 Biomethane: A Renewable Resource As Vehicle Fuel 327 1. Abstract 327 2. Introduction 328 3. Materials And Methods 331 4. Results 336 5. Discussion And Conclusions 339 6. References 342 Chapter 13 Process Disturbances In Agricultural Biogas Production—Causes, Mechanisms And Effects On The Biogas Microbiome: A Review 345 1. Abstract 345 2. Introduction 346 3. The Biogas Microbiome 347 4. Types Of Process Instabilities And Disturbances 350 5. Perspectives Of A Future Microbial Process Monitoring And Control .328 362 6. Author Contributions 366 7. Acknowledgments 366 8. References 367 Chapter 14 Perspectives Of Biogas Conversion Into Bio-Cng For Automobile Fuel In Bangladesh 381 1. Abstract 381 2. Introduction 382 3. Present Status Of Transportation Fuels In Bangladesh 384 4. Biogas To Automobile Fuels 387 5. Prospective Analysis Of Bio-Cng In Bangladesh 389 6. Competitive Analysis Of Bio-Cng As Transportation Fuel 397 7. Issues And Challenges Of Bio-Cng Technology In Bangladesh 399 8. Concluding Remarks 399 9. References 401 Index 407 Back Cover 412 Provides an introduction to the process of anaerobic digestion, and explains the ways in which waste is converted to biogas and how it is further upgraded to biomethane. The book also discusses the optimization of biogas production in developing countries and explains methanogens. Explores the process of anaerobic digestion and explains the ways in which waste is converted to biogas, and how it is upgraded to biomethane. The book discusses the ways in which algae is used for biogas production and examines the impact of biogas technology.